UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS. 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE. 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA. 


EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALIFORNIA 


By  NORMAN  D.  INGHAM. 


BULLETIN    No.    196. 

(Berkeley,  Cal.,  July,  1908.) 


W.    W.    SHANNON, 


SACRAMENTO 

:     :     :      superintendent  state  printing 
1908 


B     \      DE   WHEELER,   Ph.D..  LL.D.,  President  of  the   University. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION   STAFF. 

,-     X.   M.A..   Director  and  Horticulturist. 
E.  TV.  HILGARD.  Ph.D.,  LL.D..  Chemist. 
W.   A.   SETCHELL.  Ph.D..   Botanist. 
ELWOOD  MEAD.  M.S..   C.E..  Irrigation  Engineer.      (Absent  on  leave.) 

V  ANDERSON,  Ph.D.,  Dairy  Industry  and  Superintendent  University  Farm. 
JAFFA.  M.S.,  Nutrition  Expert,  in  charge  of  the  Poultry  Station. 
a   W,   WOODWORTH,  M.S.,  Entomologist. 
R.  H.  LOUGHRIDGE.  Ph.D.,  Soil  Chemist  and  Physicist. 

G.  W.   SHAW,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Agricultural  Technologist,  in  charge  of  Cereal  Stations. 
GEORGE  E.   COLBY,  M.S.,   Chemist.      (Fruits,  Waters,  Insecticides.) 
RALPH  E.  SMITH,  B.S.,  Plant  Pathologist  and  Superintendent  of  Southern  California 

Pathological  Laboratory  and  Experiment  Station.      Whittier. 
A.    R.   "WARD.    B.S.A.,  D.V.M.,   Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 

E.  TV.   MAJOR.   B.Agr.,  Animal  Industry. 
H.   M.  HALL.  M.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

H.  J.  QUAYLE.  A.B.,  Assistant  Entomologist.     Whittier. 

W.    T.    CLARKE,    B.S.,    Assistant    Horticulturist    and    Superintendent    of    University 

Extension  in  Agriculture. 
JOHN  S.  BURD,  B.S.,  Chemist,  in  charge  of  Fertilizer  Control. 

C.  M.  HARING,  D.V.M.,  Assistant  Veterinarian  and  Bacteriologist. 
HOPPER,  B.S. A.,  Assistant  in  Dairy  Husbandry. 

NORTON,  M.S.,  Assistant  Chemist  in  charge  Fertilizer)       „.,         „ 
_  .  (       Citrus  Experiment 

Experiments,  >  «**•"»•  -^ 

HUNT,  B.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist,  j  Statton>  R™erstde- 

BABCOCK,  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

SMITH,  M.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

YEATS',  B.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist. 

RAMSEY,  M.S.,  Assistant  Plant  Pathologist,  \_        Southern  California  Patholog- 

SMITH    M.S.,  "  "  "  )  ical  Laboratory,  Whittier. 

MANSELL,  Assistant  in  Horticulture,  in  charge  of  Central  Station  Grounds. 
RALPH  BENTON",  B.S.,  B.L.,  Assistant  in  Entomology. 
A.  J.  GAUMNITZ,  M.S.,  Assistant  in  Cereal  Investigations. 
RACHAEL  CORR,  M.A.,  Assistant  in  Cereal  Laboratory. 
HANS  C.  HOLM,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Zymology. 
P.  L.  McCREARY,  B.S.,  Laboratory  Assistant  in  Fertilizer  Control. 

F.  E.  JOHNSON",  B.  L.,  Assistant  in  Soil  Laboratory. 

M.  E.   STOVER,  B.S.,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 

D.  R.   HOAGLAND,  A.B.,  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Chemical  Laboratory. 
CHARLES  FUCHS,  Curator  Entomological  Museum. 

P.  L.  HIBBARD,  B.S.,  Assistant  Fertilizer  Control  Laboratory. 

M.  E.  SHERWIN,  Field  Assistant  in  Agronomy. 

W.  H.  VOLCK,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology.     Watsonville. 

E.  L.  MORRIS,  B.S.,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology.     San  Jose. 

HUNTER,  Field  Assistant  in  Entomology.     San  Mateo. 
D.    L     BUNNELL,   Clerk   to  the  Director. 


H. 

A. 

J. 

II. 
r 

T. 

F. 

E. 

3. 

E. 

EL 

F. 

L. 

H. 

J. 

a 

O. 

R. 

E. 

TUOHY,   I'ntron,  >  Tulare  Substation,  Tulare. 


J.   T  l-  "reman,       ) 

J.  W.   ROPER,  Patron, 

I   LLER,  In  chargi 

A     Foreman,    \ 

CENT     -I      HUNTLEY      Foreman     of     California    Poultry     Experiment     Station, 
Pi  taluti  a 


University  Forestry  Station,  Chico. 
University  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica. 


The  Station  publications  (Eepoets  and  Bulletins),  so  long  as  avail 
■frill  be  sent  to  any  citizen  of  the  Stale  on  application. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

INTRODUCTION  29 

EUCALYPTUS  FOR  TIMBER  31 

EUCALYPTUS  FOR  FUEL 32 

EUCALYPTUS  FOR  OIL  33 

QUALITY  OF  SOIL  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTING  34 

METHODS  OF  GROWING  EUCALYPTUS  35 

Propagation  of  the  Seedlings 35 

The  Flats    35 

The  Soil  for  Seed-bed 36 

The  Seed   36 

Amount  of  Seed  to  Buy 36 

Shade  for  the  Young  Plants 37 

Time  to  Sow  the  Seed 37 

Methods  of  Sowing  the  Seed 38 

Care  of  Seedlings    38 

Transplanting    39 

Time  to  Set  the  Plants  in  the  Field 39 

Size  of  Plants  When  Set  Out 39 

Preparation  of  the  Land 39 

Distance  Apart  to  Set  the  Young  Trees  in  the  Field 40 

Setting  of  Plants  in  the  Field 41 

Care  of  Young  Plantings 41 

Thinning  the  Young  Trees 41 

Care  of  the  Trees 43 

Care  of  the  Plantings  After  Cutting  the  Crop 45 

Second  Cutting  Shows  Increase  in  Quantity 46 

Danger  of  Loss  by  Fire 46 

Power  of  Sprouting 46 

Natural   Seedlings    47 

SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTUS    TO    BE    FOUND    GROWING    IN    CALI- 
FORNIA   51 

EUCALYPTUS  FOR   PLANTING   IN  CALIFORNIA 57 

Eucalyptus  Botryoides    57 

Eucalyptus  Citriodora    61 

Eucalyptus  Corymbosa    63 

Eucalyptus  Corynocalyx    66 

Eucalyptus  Crebra    72 

Eucalyptus  Diversicolor    75 

Eucalyptus   Globulus    75 

Eucalyptus  Leucoxylon    79 

Eucalyptus  Polyanthema    81 

Eucalyptus  Punctata    83 

Eucalyptus  Resinif era    87 

Eucalyptus   Robusta    92 

»        Eucalyptus  Rostrata    92 

Eucalyptus  Rudis   96 

Eucalyptus   Siderophloia    96 

Eucalyptus  Sideroxylon  var.  Rosea 101 

Eucalyptus  Tereticornis    106 

Eucalyptus  Viminalis    106 

COMMERCIAL  CONSIDERATIONS  FOR  PRESENT  PLANTINGS 109 

EUCALYPTUS  ADAPTED  TO   SPECIAL  PURPOSES 110 

Species  Most  Durable  in  the  Soil 110 

Lumber  Species    110 

Species  for  Fuel  Alone 110 

Frost-Resistant    Species    110 

Drought-Resistant   Species    110 

EUCALYPTUS  AS  BEE  PASTURE 110 

STRENGTH  TESTS  OF  EUCALYPTUS 11] 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  California,  Davis  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/eucalyptusincali196ingh 


EUCALYPTUS  IN  CALirORNIA. 


By  NORMAN  D.  INGHAM. 


Introductory  Note. — The  importance  of  Eucalyptus  culture  in  California  from 
a  commercial  standpoint  has  reached  a  stage  which  can  no  longer  be  overlooked. 
The  growing  scarcity  of  hardwood  fuel  and  lumber,  poles,  ties,  and  other  forms  of 
timber  makes  certain  an  increasing  demand  and  price  for  any  material  which  can 
supply  this  want.  The  almost  incredible  rapidity  of  growth  of  certain  species  of 
these  trees,  their  thrift  and  hardiness  under  conditions  unfavorable  to  most  cultivated 
plants,  and  the  general  appreciation  of  their  value  as  wood  and  timber,  which  is 
rapidly  coming  about,  have  created  within  comparatively  recent  times  a  great  interest 
in  Eucalyptus  culture,  amounting  almost  to  a  "boom."  Many  groves  are  being 
planted  on  a  greater  or  less  scale,  railroad  companies  are  investigating  the  possi- 
bilities of  Eucalyptus  as  a  supply  of  ties,  poles  and  timber,  lumber  companies  arc 
taking  up  the  matter  and  several  stock-selling  corporations  have  been  formed  for 
planting  and  selling  Eucalyptus  groves. 

Under  these  conditions  there  is  a  decided  need  of  some  comprehensive  and  reliable 
information  as  to  the  possibilities  and  methods  of  growing  these  trees,  the  commer- 
cial qualities  of  the  different  species,  their  adaptation  to  conditions  in  the  various 
parts  of  the  State,  and  the  quality  and  amount  of  the  product  which  can  reason- 
ably be  expected  from  them.  The  present  bulletin  by  Mr.  Ingham  represents  a 
very  complete  and  practical  study  of  the  subject,  based  on  careful  observation  over 
all  the  cultivated  portions  of  the  State  south  of  Shasta  County,  and  the  facts  pre- 
sented may  be  taken  as  reliable  and  conservative. 

The  preparation  of  this  bulletin  has  been  undertaken  by  Mr.  Ingham  as  a  part  of 
the  work  of  the  University  Forestry  Station  at  Santa  Monica,  of  which  he  is  in 
charge.  For  a  number  of  years  this  Station  has  been  growing  and  distributing 
Eucalyptus  seedlings  of  various  species,  and  many  of  these  have  been  planted  in 
various  parts  of  the  State.  On  the  Station  grounds  some  seventy  different  species  may 
be  seen  growing  in  mature  form.  At  present  it  is  possible  to  obtain  all  the  ordinary 
species  of  nurserymen  at  moderate  prices,  so  that  the  necessity  no  longer  exists 
of  an  extensive  distribution  by  the  State,  except  by  the  sending  out  of  seed,  or 
possibly  a  limited  number  of  trees  of  uncommon  and  promising  species.  The  greatest 
field  of  usefulness  for  the  Station  at  present,  as  regards  Eucalyptus  culture,  is 
along  the  line  indicated  by  this  bulletin,  the  investigation  of  the  commercial  and 
economic  side  of  the  question.  Following  the  present  study,  which  is  necessarily. 
in  large  part,  of  a  general  or  preliminary  nature,  we  hope  to  continue  with  an  investi- 
gation of  the  commercial  uses  and  possibilities  of  Eucalyptus  timber,  for  the  various 
purposes  indicated  in  this  bulletin.  Mr.  Ingham  shows  the  possibility  of  producing 
this  wood  in  California  in  almost  unlimited  amount.  If  statements  appearing  almost 
daily  in  the  public  press  are  to  be  believed  a  hardwood  famine  is  imminent  in  this 
country.  If,  therefore,  it  be  true  that  species  of  Eucalyptus  are  equal  to  our 
native  hardwoods  as  lumber,  great  possibilities  are  open  in  this  direction.  It  will 
be  the  purpose  of  the  Forestry  Station  to  demonstrate  the  quality  and  uses  of  the 
wood  of  the  most  important  species  in  a  more  definite  manner  than  has  hitherto 
been  done,  in  cooperation  with  users  and  handlers  of  hardwood  lumber  in  this  sec- 
tion. In  this  manner  great  good  may  be  accomplished  for  the  State  by  aiding  the 
progress  of  a  most  important  industry. — Ralph  E.   Smith. 

Eucalyptus,  a  genus  of  trees  of  the  family  Myrtaceae,  was  introduced 
into  California  from  Australia  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  several 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT   STATION. 

s]  eies  were  planted  in  the  district  of  San  Francisco  Bay  previous  to 
I860.  There  are  to  be  found  growing  in  the  central  parts  of  the  State, 
both  on  the  coast  and  in  the  interior,  proves  of  considerable  area  which 
are  forty  to  fifty  years  old. 

Since  the  introduction  of  the  first  species  of  Eucalyptus,  the  seeds  of 
other  species  have  been  imported  each  year  by  seedsmen,  nurserymen, 
and  in  many  cases  ranch  owners,  until  at  the  present  time  there  are 
2  vino  in  the  State  nearly  one  hundred  species.  The  University  of 
California  has  seventy  named  species  growing  on  the  Forestry  Station 
grounds  at  Santa  Monica,  Cal. ;  there  are  specimen  trees  of  nearly  every 
species  over  ten  years  of  age,  and  bearing  seed  at  the  present  time, 
while  there  are  young  trees  of  all  the  promising  lumber  Eucalypts. 

From  this  large  collection  there  can  be  selected  species  that  will  grow 
on  nearly  any  soil  in  a  frostless  region,  while  there  are  a  few  that  can 
endure  temperature  as  low  as  18°  F.  without  injury.  There  are  a  few 
Eucalypts  that  can  stand  extremes  of  temperature  from  20°  F.  to  120° 
F..  and  at  different  altitudes;'  but  with  these  trees  it  is  as  with  any 
other,  there  is  one  certain  location  best  adapted  to  the  greatest  develop- 
ment :  it  may  be  a  situation  near  the  coast  in  a  foggy  atmosphere,  the 
river  bottom  lands,  the  inland  valleys  or  in  swamps.  Care  should  be 
taken  in  selecting  a  species  for  any  certain  locality,  that  the  conditions 
there  are  the  ones  which  will  bring  the  species  in  question  to  the  highest 
point  of  development. 

The  Eucalypts  were  first  set  out  as  a  curiosity,  on  account  of  their 
rapidity  of  growth  and  as  ornamental  trees  around  gardens  and  build- 
ings, with  a  possibility  of  their  supplying  the  owners  fuel  and  fence 
sts.  In  these  respects  they  have  fulfilled  the  original  planter's  expec- 
tations, and  more,  for  in  a  few  localities  the  sawmills  are  now  sawing 
the  largest  logs  into  valuable  hardwood  lumber. 

Eucalyptus  planting  has  now  passed  the  experimental  stage  and 
may  be  considered  without  question  as  a  commercial  proposition.  The 
value  of  the  crop  and  the  possibilities  of  growing  it  in  California  have 
been  sufficiently  demonstrated  to  make  judicious  plantings  even  on  a 
large  scale  perfectly  safe,  with  an  assurance  of  sure  and  reasonably 
]ar^-  profits.  It  is  important,  however,  for  the  planter  to  consider,  in 
the  Light  of  the  best  information,  the  nature  of  the  product  which  he 
will  produce,  or.  in  other  words,  the  market  which  he  will  attempt  to 
supply  with  his  Eucalyptus  trees. 

Eucalypts   may   be   used   either   for   fuel   or  for  hardwood   lumber. 

For  the  former  purpose  the  prevailing  prices  of  wood  in  most  of  our 

hr\(]  large  towns  during  the  past  few  years  have  been  such  as  to 

make  the  foe]  proposition  appear  extremely  attractive.     Many  glowing 

pectuse*  are  being  offered  to  the  public  on  this  basis.    It  should  be 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA.  31 

remembered,  however,  that  the  production  and  use  of  natural  oil  is 
rapidly  increasing;  that  gas  and  electricity  for  heating  purposes  are 
cheap  in  the  cities,  and  that  all  three  are  coming  more  and  more  into 
use  every  day  in  the  place  of  wood.  In  fact,  wood  as  fuel  is  rapidly 
becoming  a  luxury,  and  there  is.  in  the  mind  of  the  writer  no  reason  for 
expecting  any  increase  in  its  use  as  fuel  by  the  general  public.  He, 
therefore,  believes  it  unprofitable  and  unwise  to  enter  upon  Eucalyptus 
planting  with  the  sole  idea  of  raising  wood  for  fuel.  The  profits  to  be 
derived  from  Eucalyptus  in  the  future  will  be  found  in  hardwood 
lumber  for  wagon  work,  farm  and  other  implements,  railroad,  coach, 
and  house  finishings,  furniture,  etc. ;  ties,  telephone  poles  and  bridge 
timber  will  also  prove  profitable.  For  any  of  the  above  named  products 
of  Eucalyptus  at  least  ten  years'  growth  will  be  required,  and  of  course 
the  older  the  trees  the  greater  the  profits  in  proportion. 

EUCALYPTUS   FOR  TIMBER. 

The  wood  of  the  different  species  of  Eucalyptus  varies  from  a  wood 
as  soft  as  that  of  our  pines,  to  very  hard,  close-grained,  and  variously 
colored  kinds  equal  to  our  native  oaks  and  hickories.  Among  the  large 
number  of  species  may  be  found  some  that  can  be  substituted  for  nearly 
all  our  present  commercial  woods,  although  the  Eucalyptus  wood  is 
harder  to  work. 

The  Hardwood  Planing  Mill  of  San  Jose,  Cal.,  has  sawed  up  many 
thousands  of  feet  of  Eucalyptus  lumber  during  the  past  winter,  the 
bulk  of  which  is  from  Eucalyptus  globulus  logs  over  thirty  years  old. 
This  company  is  filling  orders  for  felloes  of  large  wagon  wTheels,  poles, 
singletrees,  doubletrees,  and  reaches,  haypress  blocks  and  insulator 
pins.  The  Eucalyptus  lumber  is  being  used  in  every  place  where  great 
strength  is  required,  and  the  finished  product  is  valued  at  the  same  price 
as  oak  lumber.  Other  mills  are  also  sawing  this  wood  to  some  extent 
in  a  local  way,  and  its  value  for  all  hardwood  purposes  is  becoming 
more  and  more  appreciated.  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  the  Red  Gum,  is 
now  finding  considerable  use  for  interior  finish  and  furniture,  and  both 
this  species  and  the  Blue  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus,  are  becoming 
established  as  commercial  hardwoods.  There  is  no  doubt  of  their 
greatly  increased  use  if  supplies  were  available. 

Eucalyptus  timber  is  more  costly  to  cut  and  mill  than  any  of  our 
native  hardwoods;  in  planing,  the  lumber  of  many  of  the  species  has 
a  tendency  to  chip  on  account  of  the  irregular  grain,  while  that  of 
all  of  the  species  under  the  most  careful  handling  season-cracks  more 
or  less  on  the  ends.  This  fault  can  be  overcome  by  having  the  logs 
sawed  a  foot  or  two  longer  than  the  finished  product  needs  to  be,  so 
that  the  season-cracked  ends  can  be  removed.     Very  little  trouble  is 


6&  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT    STATION. 

experienced  in  seasoning  the  lumber  if  the  trees  are  cut  down  during  the 
winter  months  and  sawed  while  green,  and  the  lumber  then  piled  in 
high  tiers  to  obtain  weight,  in  some  place  protected  from  the  wind 
and  sun. 

Eucalyptus  has  been  used  in  the  last  few  years  quite  extensively  for 
pilings,  which  paid  well  until  competition  lowered  the  price;  at  present 
a  pile  fifty  feet  long  and  ten  inches  in  diameter  at  the  small  end  is 
worth  between  $10  and  $12.  Under  ordinary  conditions  it  requires 
from  eighteen  to  twenty-four  years  to  grow  a  pile.  The  prospect  for 
the  use  of  certain  species  of  Eucalyptus  for  railroad  ties  and  telephone 
poles  is  also  good. 


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Fig.    1.     Eucalyptus  globulus,  wood  from  3-year-old  sprouts;   20  cords  per  acre; 

128   cubic  feet  per  cord. 

EUCALYPTUS  FOR  FUEL. 
The  wood  of  most  of  the  Eucalypts  makes  good  fuel.     A  grove  of 
Blue  I  rums  five  years  old,  set  out  6  by  6  feet  apart,  under  favorable  con- 
ditions should  yield   from  50  to  80  cords  of  wood  per  acre,  while  at 
ten  years  of  age  80  to  150  cords  may  be  expected.     Groves  under  irri- 
on    will    undoubtedly    do   better   than   the    above   figures   indicate 
while  the  quality  of  the  land  will  also,  of  course,  have  a  great  influence. 
The  eosi  of  working  up  the  standing  trees  into  fuel  ready  to  burn 
iea  somewhal  with  the  age  and  species  of  the  trees.    Two  companies 
ata  Paula.  CaL,  recently  Le1  out  the  cutting  of  their  wind-breaks 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


33 


around  their  ranches  by  contract.  The  trees  on  one  ranch  were  twelve 
years  old  when  cut,  and  the  contract  was  taken  and  completed  by  a 
company  of  Japanese  for  $3.25  per  cord,  although  they  claimed  to 
have  lost  money.  The  other  company's  trees  were  thirty  years  old, 
and  the  contract  was  taken  for  $3.50  per  cord  by  a  company  that  had 
a  power  saw  and  splitter;  although  this  latter  company  was  well 
equipped  they  were  compelled  to  give  up  the  contract  and  leave  their 
tools  for  the  debts  they  had  incurred.  Most  of  the  Eucalyptus  grove- 
owners  figure  that  it  has  cost  half  the  market  price  of  the  wood  to  cut 
it,  varying,  of  course,  with  the  price  and  with  the  age  of  the  trees. 
In  most  instances  the  grove-owners  are  cutting  down  their  trees  for 


Fig.  2.     Eucalyptus  globulus,  22  years  old. 

wood  when  from  five  to  ten  years  old,  nearer  five  than  ten  as  a  general 
rule,  and  it  is  self-evident  that  it  is  much  easier  to  cut  up  five-year-old 
trees  than  thirty-year-old  trees  into  stove  wood,  consequently  it  is  less 
costly. 

EUCALYPTUS    FOR   OIL. 

The  leaves  and  twigs  of  the  tree,  when  distilled,  produce  an  oil  which 
has  great  medicinal  properties,  and  is  used  quite  extensively  in  medi- 
cine at  the  present  time.  This  oil  is  a  non-irritant  antiseptic,  which  can 
be  used  without  the  slightest  injury  on  all  the  tissues  of  the  body  and 
internally  in  very  small  quantities.  The  amount  of  oil  that  can  be  ex- 
tracted from  a  certain  number  of  pounds  of  leaves  and  twigs  varies  with 
the  locality  in  which  the  grove  is  situated,  in  the  different  trees  according 
to  their  positions  in  the  grove,  and  in  the  different  species  of  Euca- 
lyptus.    The  latter  is  also  true  in  regard  to  its  medicinal  properties. 


34 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA       EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


The  leaves  and  twigs  of  the  Eucalyptus  globulus,  or  common  Blue  Gum, 
are  used  exclusively  at  the  distillery  at  Garden  Grove,  Cal.  It  is 
claimed  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Mitehel,  in  charge,  to  be  the  only  species  growing 
in  sufficient  quantities  in  that  locality  and  producing  a  sufficient 
amount  of  oil  per  hundred  pounds  of  leaves  to  make  distilling  profit- 
able. The  brush  from  cut-over  areas  is  generally  trimmed  up.  only 
the  smallest  twigs  and  leaves  being  used.  The  leaves  from  the  brush 
of  ten  cords  of  wood,  cut  from  trees  five  years  of  age,  distill  from  one 
and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  gallons  of  oil.  or  two  tons  of  leaves  and 
twigs  will  produce  from  three  to  four  gallons.     The  cost  of  distilling 


Fig.    3.     Eucalyptus  oil  distillery. 

the  oil  i>  stated  as  a  little  over  forty  cents  a  pound,  or  $3  a  gallon, 
seven  and  ore  half  pounds  to  the  gallon.  The  oil  sells  wholesale  at 
from  fifty  to  sixty  cents  a  pound,  or  from  $3.75  to  $4.50  a  gallon.  At 
the  presenl  time  the  distilleries  are  having  trouble  in  disposing  of 
their  supply  of  oil   from  last  winter's  distilling. 


QUALITY  OF  SOIL  FOR  EUCALYPTUS  PLANTING. 

The  question   is  asked  by  many,  "From  what  kind  of  land  will  the 

Eucalyptus   return   the   greatest    profits   in   the  shortest  time?"     The 

Hirer  is.  the  best  land  that  it  is  possible  to  buy,  with  the  grove  under 

the  mosi  correct  treatment.     The  idea  is  too  prevalent  that  Eucalyptus 

ring  is  exclusively  a  proposition  for*  cheap,  <\v\\  or  poor  land.     It 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA.  35 

is  true  that  the  trees,  especially  certain  species,  will  live  and  grow  fairly 
well  under  conditions  where  no  other  crop  could  be  considered,  and  if 
the  object  is  merely  the  utilization  of  such  land  to  the  best  advantage 
Eucalyptus  planting  may  be  wise  and  somewhat  profitable.  For  one, 
however,  who  is  buying  land  for  this  purpose,  or  one  who  already  has 
fairly  good  land  capable  of  irrigation  or  naturally  moist,  it  is  becoming 
more  and  more  apparent  that  good  land,  capable  of  culture  and  irri- 
gation, will  produce  far  more  profitable  returns  on  the  investment 
by  reason  of  the  enormously  more  rapid  growth  and  greater  wood  pro- 
duction of  the  trees.  Under  such  conditions  a  crop  of  trees  may  be 
produced  and  marketed  and  the  land  then  either  cleared  for  other  pur- 
poses or  the  stumps  allowed  to  sprout  for  a  second  crop,  when  on  poor, 
dry  land  trees  of  the  same  age  would  not  pay  for  cutting. 

Eucalyptus  planting  commercially  has  a  number  of  points  in  its  favor 
as  an  investment  over  the  fruit  industry,  principally  because  the  fruit 
business  is  more  or  less  of  an  uncertainty,  while  the  timber  proposition  is 
comparatively  sure.  A  heavy  rain  during  the  blooming  period  of  the 
rruit  trees  checks  fertilization,  a  small  crop  being  the  result ;  this  is 
not  the  case  with  the  wood  crop,  where  the  more  rain  the  greater  growth 
and  profits.  The  harvesting  period  of  most  fruits  extends  over  but  a 
few  weeks,  and  if  it  is  not  gathered  at  that  time  the  crop  is  a  total 
loss;  while  on  the  other  hand  the  harvesting  period  of  the  timber  trees 
extends  over  a  lifetime.  The  price  of  labor  may  be  high,  or  the  value  of 
the  wood  much  lower  than  usual ;  if  either  is  the  case  the  trees  may  be 
allowed  to  stand.  The  following  year  they  will  be  larger  and  more 
valuable. 

METHODS   OF   GROWING   EUCALYPTUS. 

The  Propagation  of  the  Seedlings. — The  necessary  conveniences 
for  the  propagation  of  the  seedlings  are  as  follows :  seed  boxes  or  flats, 
a  good  soil,  seed  true  to  name,  plenty  of  water  convenient  to  all  flats, 
and  in  most  localities  a  shade  for  the  young  plants  from  the  sun  is 
required. 

The  Flats. — Boxes  can  be  bought  very  cheaply  from  the  grocery 
stores,  that  will  make,  when  sawed  up,  flats  of  varying  sizes ;  flats  in 
the  shook  sawed  to  any  size  can  be  bought  from  the  box  factories  at  a 
very  reasonable  price.  Flats  22  by  16  inches  in  size,  outside  measure, 
will  hold  one  hundred  transplanted  plants,  although  they  can  be  made 
larger  or  smaller  and  handled  practically  as  well,  but  the  depth  should 
not  be  over  three  inches,  so  that  the  roots  of  the  young  plants  will  have  a 
tendency  to  spread  out,  instead  of  forming  a  long  tap  root  that  is  liable 
to  be  either  cut  or  broken  off  in  transplanting. 


I    NlYKKslTY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


Soil  for  Seed-bed. — It  has  been  proven  that  Eucalyptus  seeds  will 
germinate  and  grow  in  nearly  any  soil,  from  a  clear  beach  sand  to 
adobe,  but  the  best  results  are  obtained  if  the  seeds  are  sown  in  a  light 
loam,  while  a  medium  loam  mixed  with  about  one  fourth  well  rotted 
horse  manure  should  be  used  in  the  transplanting  flats. 

The  Seed. — When  buying  the  seed,  care  should  be  taken  to  deal  with 
reliable  seedsmen,  for  otherwise  a  season's  growth  may  be  lost  by 
so wnii!  seeds  not  true  to  name.  Eucalyptus  seed  can  be  bought  at  from 
$4  to  $15  per  pound  according  to  the  species  and  the  seedsman's  repu- 
tation.    In  many  localities  seed  of  a  few  species  can  be  gathered,  such 


Fig.   4.      Method  of  gathering  Eucalyptus  seed. 

as  the  common  Bine  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus;  the  Manna  Gum,  Eu. 
viminalis;  the  Red  Gum,  Eu.  rostrata;  the  Sugar  Gum,  Eu.  coryuo- 
rnhj.i  :  the  Swamp  Mahogany,  Eu.  robusta,  and  a  number  of  others 
thai  are  scattered  over  the  State. 

77"  Amount  of  Seed  to  Buy-. — The  number  of  fertile  seeds  of  any 
species  to  the  pound  is  very  high;  the  average  number  of  transplanted 
plants  raised  to  the  pound  is  12,000. 

The  seed  of  most   species  can  be  gathered  at  all  times  of  the  year, 

although  the  greater  a  mount  mature  during  the  summer  and  fall.    The 

mould   be  gathered    From  the  trees  when  the  valves  begin 

to  open  ;jml  placed  on  sheets  of  canvas  or  blankets  in  the  direct  rays  of 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


37 


the  sun.  which  will  open  the  valves,  allowing  the  seed  and  chaff  to  fall 
out. 

Shade  for  the  Young  Plants.— Where  a  large  number  of  plants  are 
to  be  grown,  a  lath  house,  with  the  lath  spaced  their  own  width  apart 
for  the  protection  of  the  young  plants  from  the  midday  sun,  will  be 
found  more  convenient  than  lath  or  cheese  cloth  screens  laid  on  small 
frames  above  the  flats,  as  tne  labor  required  to  move  them  each  time 
the  plants  are  watered  would  amount  to  a  large  item  of  expense  during 
the  growing  season.  The  lath  house  or  the  screens  will  also  protect 
the  seed  flats  from  the  ravages  of  the  birds  and  the  young  plants  from 


Fig.   5.     Eucalyptus  seed-bed,    in   cold  frames. 

the  frosts   (if  not  too  severe)    during  the  cold  weather  of  the  winter 
months,  before  the  time  for  setting  in  the  field. 

The  size  of  a  lath  house  for  a  desired  number  of  plants  can  be  fig- 
ured out,  twenty-eight  transplanted  plants  to  the  square  foot,  or  an 
area  sixty  feet  square  will  hold  one  hundred  thousand  transplanted 
plants  and  allow  ample  room  to  go  among  the  flats  to  water  them. 

The  Time  to  Sow  the  Seed. — The  time  to  sow  the  seed  varies  some- 
what with  the  locality,  but  as  a  general  rule  the  seed  should  be  sown 
by  the  latter  part  of  June  or  first  of  July,  and  the  seedlings  from  these 
sowings  will  be  large  enough  to  be  set  out  in  the  field  the  following 
spring,  if  they  receive  proper  care  while  young. 


38 


NIVKKSlTY    OF   CALIFORNIA        KXl'KR  1  M  KNT   STATION. 


Methods  of  Sowing  tin  Seed. — The  seed  is  generally  .sown  broadcast 
in  the  seed  flats  and  the  young  plants  transplanted  once  before  being 
set  in  the  field,  but  some  persons  take  the  trouble  to  sow  one  seed  in  a 
place  and  spare  them  in  the  flats.  By  this  method  transplanting  is 
unnecessary,  while  others  sow  the  seeds  in  hills  and  practice  thinning, 
instead  of  transplanting,  before  setting  out  in  the  field.  This  latter 
method  is  used  in  some  localities  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  with  good 
success,  because  of  the  great  trouble  experienced  in  transplanting 
during  the  hot  summer  months  in  that  region. 

However,  in  the  event  of  either  of  these  methods  bein^  used  to  sow 


FU 


6.      Eucalyptus  seedlings,   rudis  and  viminalis. 


the  seed,  till  the  flats  to  a  depth  of  two  and  one  half  inches  with  the 
prepared  soil,  pressing  it  down  firmly  in  the  boxes,  then  sow  the  seed 
and  '-over  them  to  a  depth  of  not  over  one  fourth  of  an  inch  with 
the  same  .-oil.  sand  or  sawdust,  pressing  this  covering  firmly  over 
them.  The  Ix-st  results  have  been  obtained  at  the  Forestry  Station  by 
using  sand,  while  the  Experimental  Forestry  Company  of  Hanford, 
CaL,  have  had  better  results  with  redwood  sawdust  as  a  covering  and 
mulch   for  the  s  i-rl  flats  than   with  any  other  material. 

Care  of  SeedUngs. — The  seed  flats  should  be  kept  damp  through  the 
beat  of  the  day,  until  the  young  plants  break  the  ground,  then  care 
must  be  taken  not  to  use  too  much  water  and  that  there  is  a  good  cir- 
culation  of  air  over  the  flats,   or  the  fungous  disease  "damping  off" 


Bulletin  19G.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA.  39 

is  liable  to  occur.  Damping  off  is  most  general  on  damp,  cloudy  days 
and  where  the  plants  are  watered  late  in  the  evening',  as  there  is  very 
little  evaporation  from  the  earth's  surface  at  night.  This  disease  can 
be  prevented  by  using  practically  no  water  on  cloudy  days  and  only  in 
the  mornings  on  clear  days.  Some  species  most  susceptible  to  damping 
off  are  as  follows :  Eucalyptus  corymbosa,  Eu,  citriodora,  En.  calo- 
phylla.  Eu.  fici  folia,  Eu.  globulus. 

Transplanting. — If  the  seeds  are  sown  broadcast  in  the  flats,  when 
the  young  plants  have  reached  a  height  of  from  two  to  three  inches 
they  can  be  transplanted  to  other  flats  of  prepared  soil  and  spaced  from 
one  and  a  fourth  to  two  inches  apart.  The  best  results  in  transplanting 
are  obtained  if  the  plants  are  hardened  off  for  a  few  days  beforehand 
by  checking  the  water  supply,  allowing  them  to  become  quite  dry. 
The  soil  into  which  the  young  plants  are  transplanted  should  be  kept 
damp,  and  the  plants  should  be  protected  from  the  direct  rays  of  the 
sun  for  a  few  days. 

The  Time  to  Set  the  Plants  in  the  Field. — The  time  to  set  the  plants 
in  the  field  varies  with  the  climatic  conditions  or  localities  and  whether 
the  plants  are  to  receive  irrigation  or  not.  In  localities  where  frosts 
are  common  through  the  winter  months,  it  is  advisable  to  set  the  trees 
out  a.s  early  in  the  spring  as  possible  without  endangering  them  to  a 
late  frost  and  still  have  them  receive  the  benefit  of  the  late  rains,  so 
that  they  will  have  a  full  season's  growth  to  withstand  the  frosts  of 
the  following  winter.  If  the  trees  are  to  be  irrigated,  they  can  be  set 
out  later  in  the  season  without  danger  of  loss  from  want  of  moisture. 

Size  of  Plants  When  Set  Out. — To  insure  a  good  stand  the  plants 
should  not  be  under  six  or  over  ten  inches  in  height  when  set  in  the 
field ;  to  a  certain  extent  the  smaller  the  plants  when  set  out  the  better 
the  results  afterward,  although  the  size  varies  somewhat  with  the 
species  and  the  locality. 

Blue  Gum  seedlings  have  been  found,  in  many  instances,  to  make  a 
better  stand  in  the  coast  regions  if  set  out  when  they  are  from  four 
to  six  inches  in  height.  Better  stands  are  obtained  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  if  the  seedlings  of  all  the  species  are  from  ten  to  twenty  inches 
high  when  set  in  the  field.  In  many  species  the  roots  are  as  long  if 
not  longer  than  the  plant's  own  height  above  ground,  and  this  is  a 
family  of  plants  that  will  not  stand  a  large  amount  of  mutilation  to  the 
root  system,  consequently  better  results  are  obtained  from  setting  out 
small  plants. 

Preparation  of  the  Land. — The  land  upon  which  a  Eucalyptus  plant- 
ing is  to  be  put  out  should  be  thoroughly  plowed  and  harrowed.     The 


40 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION. 


fields  can  be  marked  out  in  the  check  system  by  horses  with  cheaply 
constructed  wooden  markers,  although  the  rows  probably  will  not  be 
as  straight  as  in  the  fields  laid  out  by  hand,  but  the  trees  will  be  the 
same  distance  apart  in  the  rows  in  either  direction  and  cultivation 
can  be  carried  on  as  easily  as  in  the  more  carefully  laid  out  fields. 

The  Distance  Apart  to  Set  the  Young  Trees  in  the  Field. — The  dis- 
tance apart,  in  setting  out  the  seedlings  in  the  fields,  becomes  a  problem 
to  the  owner.  The  species  of  Eucalyptus,  the  soil,  the  distance  to  water, 
and  whether  the  trees  are  to  be  grown  for  fuel,  ties,  or  lumber,  all  have 
to  be  taken  into  consideration.     Some  species  of  Eucalyptus  must  be 


Fig. 


Natural   seedlings  of  Eucalyptus  globulus. 


planted  nearer  together  than  others  in  order  to  obtain  straight  poles; 
that  is,  some  species  are  naturally  straight  growing  trees,  while  others 
.  out  of  the  perpendicular  unless  set  in  close  plantings.  If  the 
soil  is  heavy  rich  loam,  the  trees  can  be  planted  as  close  as  6  by  6 
feet  apart  unless  irrigation  is  to  be  practiced.  In  the  latter  case, 
A  by  8  feel  would  be  the  right  distance,  thus  leaving  an  eight-foot 
-  \'(,r  ploughing  out  the  irrigating  ditches  each  year.  If  it  is 
a  lighter  soil  on  which  the  planting  is  to  be  made,  8  by  8  feet  is  the 
proper  distance,  or  6  by  10  feet  if  irrigation  is  to  be  practiced. 

The  f.\()<(-  planting  has  a  tendency  to  sacrifice  the  diameter  growth  in 
.    or  of  the  height,  also  making  more  erect  trees  and  forming  a  perfect 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA.  41 

canopy  with  their  crowns  that  will  shade  the  soil,  nearly  preventing  evap- 
oration, as  well  as  any  vegetable  growth  on  the  forest  floor.  Close  plant- 
ing matures  a  greater  number  of  perfect  trees,  as  the  struggle  for 
supremacy  or  the  survival  of  the  fittest  is  worked  out  as  in  nature.  In 
this  way  all  the  weaker  are  killed  in  a  few  seasons,  and  the  food  supply 
allotted  to  them  by  nature  is  taken  up  by  the  stronger  ones. 

The  Setting  of  the  Plants  in  the  Field. — After  the  land  has  been 
prepared  the  young  plants  can  be  brought  into  the  field  on  a  low 
truck,  driven  between  the  rows.  The  plants  can  be  distributed  directly 
from  the  truck  to  the  men  setting  them  out  on  both  sides,  or  the  flats 
can  be  placed  at  intervals  along  the  rows.  The  plants  should  be  blocked 
out  in  the  flats  before  being  brought  into  the  field,  by  drawing  a  sharp 
knife  between  the  rows.  If  care  is  taken  to  set  out  the  young  plants 
with  this  small  amount  of  soil  around  their  rootlets,  the  shock  caused 
in  transplanting  is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Each  planter  should  carry 
a  trowel,  to  make  the  holes  that  are  to  receive  the  young  plants  at  the 
intersection  of  the  marked  lines.  These  holes  should  be  of  a  depth  that 
the  plants  can  be  set  from  one  half  to  an  inch  lower  in  the  soil  than 
they  originally  were  in  the  flats.  Each  plant  should  have  the  soil 
pressed  firmly  about  it  and  receive  a  small  amount  of  water,  unless  the 
soil  is  moist  from  recent  rains. 

Care  of  the  Young  Plantings. — Thorough  cultivation  forms  a  mulch 
that  checks  evaporation  and  kills  the  weeds  that  would  necessarily  take 
up  a  large  amount  of  the  young  seedling's  food  supply  if  they  were 
allowed  to  grow;  therefore  cultivation  should  be  carried  on  as  long  as 
possible  without  danger  of  injuring  the  young  trees  by  driving  a  horse 
between  them.  The  plantings  can  generally  be  cultivated  for  the  first 
season  and  part  of  the  second  before  the  limbs  of  the  trees  spread  out 
and  interlap  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  drive  between  the  rows.  It  is 
an  acknowledged  fact  that  the  only  way  to  obtain  a  good  stand,  and  give 
the  trees  a  start,  is  to  cultivate  and  take  care  of  the  plantings  from  the 
time  of  setting  out.  However,  there  are  to  be  found  in  the  State 
a  number  of  groves  that  have  been  set  out  on  land  that  is  too  hilly 
or  rocky  to  cultivate  and  the  trees  have  made  fair  growths,  although 
not  great  enough  for  similar  lands  to  be  recommended  for  commercial 
purposes. 

Thinning  of  the  Young  Trees. — It  is  a  self-evident  fact  that  to  grow 
large  trees  for  lumber  a  greater  space  than  6  by  6  feet  is  needed  for 
each  tree  to  reach  a  large  diameter,  but  at  the  same  time  it  would  not 
be  good  management  to  set  out  just  the  number  of  trees  to  the  acre 
which  we  expect  to  mature.     Trees  are  killed  by  gophers  and  rabbits- 


±2  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

others  by  extremes  of  temperature.  It  is  practically  impossible  to 
replant  in  the  missing  spaces  after  the  young  trees  are  one  year  old, 
for  the  soil  is  full  of  the  roots  of  the  surviving  trees.  We  have  seen 
-  o  iphered  when  two  years  of  age  and  sixteen  feet  in  height.  Com- 
panion trees  of  the  gophered  ones  certainly  had  roots  extending  over  an 
area  with  a  radius  equal  to  their  own  height. 

The  chance  of  replants  living  and  producing  valuable  trees  is  ex- 
tremely small.  To  produce  good  poles,  ties  and  lumber  straight  trees 
are  required ;  very  few  trees  will  grow  irregularly  if  they  are  started 
straight  the  first  year.     Close  planting  produces  straight  growing  trees. 


■ 

:-   If 


Young  grove   of  Eucalyptus  globulus,  end  of  first   summer. 


It  is  a  known  fact  that  however  well  the  trees  may  be  grown  and  planted 
there  will  be  a  considerable  number  of  weak,  inferior  ones  in  every 
thousand  set  in  the  field.  These  can  be  easily  picked  out  in  a  grove 
during  the  first  year  and  the  contrast  in  growth  will  be  even  greater 
the  second  year  if  they  are  allowed  to  remain.  They  not  only  have 
little  value  in  themselves,  but  they  are  an  injury  to  the  better  trees 
by  their  presence.  Therefore,  a  planting  upon  any  good  soil  may  with 
advantage  be  set  out  6  by  6  feet  apart  (1,210  trees  to  the  acre),  and  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  a  rigid  thinning  should  be  started,  removing 
with  a  grub  hoe  al]  weak,  inferior  or  injured  trees.  This  thinning 
should  be  cMrr\cA  on  until  only  the  strong  and  healthy  trees,  or  a  cer- 
tain  Dumber,   remain  to  the  acre.     By  this  method  which  amounts  to 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


43 


helping  nature  work  out  the  survival  of  the  fittest,  some  trees  will  stand 
at  the  original  distance  that  they  were  planted  while  others  will  stand 
at  multiples  of  that  distance.  The  extra  cost  of  close  planting  will 
never  be  noticed  when  the  largest  possible  stand  of  healthy  trees  is 
guaranteed,  which  is  practically  the  case  under  this  method.  If  thin- 
ning is  carried  out  as  many  planters  contemplate,  by  a  set  plan,  remov- 
ing every  other  one  or  two  trees,  many  strong  and  healthy  trees  will  be 
sacrificed. 

Care  of  the  Trees. — The  value  df  a  plantation  when  ten  years  old 


Fig.   9.     Eucalyptus  globulus,  2  years  old,   under  irrigation. 


will  depend  most  largely  on  the  care  that  it  received  during  the  first 
four  or  five  years  of  its  growth.  To  receive  the  greatest  returns  possible 
from  a  planting  necessarily  means  that  the  greatest  possible  number  of 
perfect  trees  must  be  brought  to  maturity.  Consequently,  one  of  the 
most  essential  points  in  regard  to  the  growing  of  perfect  trees  is  that 
they  start  to  grow  erect  with  clean  trunks  the  first  few  years.  Some 
trees  will  naturally  start  in  this  way,  while  others  fork,  producing  a 
number  of  lateral  branches  on  their  trunks  that  nature  can  not  remove 
in  the  natural  pruning  of  the  trees ;  therefore,  men  should  be  sent 
through  the  plantations  each  year  removing  all  limbs  that  have  a  ten- 
dency to  deform  the  trees.  After  the  third  or  fourth  year  the  trees 
2— Bull.  196 


44 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


will  have  grown  to  such  a  height  that  to  remove  the  limbs  may  prove 
impractical  in  most  eases. 


Fig.   10.     Eucalyptus  globulus,  4  years  old. 


A1   this  period    (the  fourth  or  fifth  year)   there  enters  a  new  prob- 

the  remova]  of  the  poorer  trees  for  wood  and  stakes  to  allow  the 

remainder  a    larger  area   of  soil   to  draw  upon  and  a  greater  space 


Bulletin   196.  EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA.  45 

above  ground  to  extend  their  branches.  At  this  time  the  trees  on  an 
acre  can  be  reduced  to  a  certain  number,  leaving  these  to  grow  for 
telephone  poles,  ties,  and  lumber,  or  the  entire  grove  may  be  cut  for 
stakes  and  wood.  Each  owner  will  have  to  figure  out  for  himself  the 
time  at  which  his  grove  will  bring  him  the  greatest  returns,  whether  for 
poles,  ties,  stakes,  wood  or  lumber.  At  present  in  the  Imperial  Valley 
it  would  be  profitable  to  cut  a  five-year-old  grove  for  stakes,  while  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  or  the  lower  part  of  the 
Sacramento  Valley  it  would  be  more  profitable  to  let  the  grove  grow 
for  from  ten  to  fifteen  years  for  ties,  fence  posts,  wood  or  lumber. 

The  Care  of  the  Planting  After  the  Cutting  of  the  Crop. — If  the 


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Fig.    11.      Eucalyptus   globulus,    10   months'    growth   of   sprouts   after   cutting. 

leaves  are  not  to  be  distilled  for  oil,  the  brush  should  be  piled  and 
burned  as  soon  as  the  wood,  ties,  posts,  or  logs  have  been  removed. 
To  obtain  the  best  results  and  largest  growth  from  the  stumps  in  the 
form  of  sprouts,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the  crop  be  removed 
from  the  planting  as  soon  as  possible  after  it  is  cut  and  then  the  leaves 
and  brush  be  burned  at  once,  or  otherwise  the  sprouts  will  start  to  grow 
and  a  large  number  will  be  killed  or  injured  in  removing  the  crop  or 
burning  of  the  brush  at  a  later  date. 

Sprouts  will  start  out  from  the  stumps  in  from  three  to  six  weeks 
from  the  date  the  trees  are  cut  down,  in  any  month  of  the  year.  The 
number  of  sprouts  to  the  stump  is  generally  large,  as  is  recorded  in 
another  part  of  this  bulletin.  To  obtain  the  largest  profits  from  the 
sprout   growth   in  the   shortest  length   of  time    it   is   necessary   to  go 


-±6  UNIYEKSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

over  the  planting  when  the  sprouts  are  from  six  months  to  a  year  old 
and  remove  all  but  from  two  to  four  of  the  largest  and  most  erect 
growing,  leaving  them  well  spaced  around  each  stump.  If  all  of  the 
sprouts  are  allowed  to  remain  their  growth  is  retarded,  as  there  will 
be  a  struggle  to  live.  Finally,  a  number  of  the  stronger  ones  is  all 
that  remain,  but  Nature's  thinning  is  an  inferior  one  because  she 
allows  too  many  sprouts  to  remain  on  each  stump  for  all  or  any  of  them 
to  mature  into  trees  of  a  profitable  growth  to  the  owner. 

The  Second  Cutting  Shows  an  Increase  in  Quantity. — That  the  num- 
ber of  cords  per  acre  at  the  second  cutting  is  greater  for  the  same 
length  of  time  is  due  to  the  fact  that  where  there  was  originally  but 
cne  tree,  there  grows  up  a  large  number  of  sprouts,  which  should  be 
thinned  out  to  from  two  to  four  of  the  strongest.  These  sprouts  make 
a  more  rapid  growth  than  their  parent  tree,  due  to  the  fact  that  they 
have  a  fully  developed  root  system,  which  is  capable  of  supplying 
the  food  to  a  mature  tree. 

The  Danger  of  Loss  by  Fire. — Every  person  who  is  looking  into  the 
proposition  of  the  growing  of  the  Eucalyptus  commercially  comes  at 
some  time  to  the  question  of  loss  by  fire.  The  writer  has  seen  a  large 
number  of  trees  of  the  following  species:  globulus,  corynocalyx  (Sugar 
Gum  .  cornuta  and  rostrata  (Red  Gum),  standing  but  slightly  scarred 
about  their  trunks  after  the  grass  had  been  burned  about  them.  A 
few  of  the  smaller  trees  were  completely  defoliated,  but  in  most  cases 
sprouts  grew  out  along  the  branches,  and  in  cases  where  the  trunks 
were  so  damaged  that  the  trees  were  killed  above  the  ground  sprouts 
grew  up  from  the  roots. 

The  trees  in  danger  from  fire  are  those  in  wind-breaks  around  hay- 
fields  or  in  groves  where  the  trees  have  been  set  at  such  distances 
apart  that  their  crowns  are  unable  to  form  a  canopy  that  will  shade 
the  ground  enough  to  check  the  native  vegetation  from  growing.  In 
groves  set  8  by  8  feet  apart  or  less,  it  will  be  only  a  year  or  two,  with 
an  ordinary  groAvth,  until  their  crowns  will  have  formed  a  complete 
canopy  that  will  cast  a  dense  shade,  nearly  eliminating  the  growth  of 
any  native  vegetation.  Then  the  only  material  to  be  found  on  the 
forest  floor  will  be  a  small  amount  of  weeds  and  leaves,  over  which  a 
fire  could  pass  but  slowly,  causing  very  little,  if  any  damage.  How- 
ever, in  all  cases  precautions  should  be  taken  to  keep  fires  out  of  the 
plantings,  as  the  least  damage  to  the  trees  goes  against  the  profits  of 
the  grove' 

The  Power  of  Sprouting. — The  question  of  whether  a  certain  species 
of  Eucalyptus  will  send  up  sprouts  after  the  seedling  trees  are  cut  off,  is 
asked  by  many  prospective  growers.  We  fail  to  know  of  a  species  that 
will  not  sprout  after  being  cut,  or  one  that  will  not  sprout  at  any  time 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN    CALIFORNIA.  47 

of  year  after  the  trees  are  cut  down;  a  stump  sometimes  dies  without 
sprouting,  but  it  is  an  exception,  not  common  to  any  one  species. 

On  May  2,  1907,  one  tree  each  of  ten  species  of  Eucalyptus  was  cut 
down,  and  on  October  2,  1907,  the  number  of  sprouts  to  each  stump, 
diameter  of  stump,  and  the  height  of  the  largest  sprout  of  each  species 
were  measured.  The  Blue  Gum  sprout  measured  was  not  one  of  the 
largest,  as  the  stump  had  been  driven  over  and  many  sprouts  destroyed 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  summer;  the  sprouts  of  the  other  species 
had  never  been  injured  in  any  way. 

Eucalyptus  globulus  (common  Blue  Gum)  ;  the  stump  measured 
seven  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter,  it  had  twenty-one  sprouts,  and 
the  largest  was  forty-five  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  (Sugar  Gum)  ;  the  stump  measured  five 
and  one  half  inches  in  diameter;  thirty-five  sprouts  were  growing 
around  it,  and  the  largest  one  measured  fifty-two  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon;  the  stump  measured  five  and  one  half  inches 
in  diameter;  fifty-two  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the  largest 
one  measured  forty-one  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  polyanthema;  the  stump  of  this  species  measured  three 
inches  in  diameter;  fifteen  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the 
largest  one  measured  seventy-one  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  punctata;  the  stump  of  this  species  measured  five  inches 
in  diameter ;  forty-two  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the  largest 
one  measured  forty-five  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata;  the  stump  measured  five  and  one  fourth  inches 
in  diameter;  eight  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the  largest 
one  measured  forty-one  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia;  the  stump  measured  four  and  one  half 
inches  in  diameter;  fifty-five  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the 
largest  one  measured  forty-seven  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  Stuartiana;  the  stump  measured  five  and  one  half  inches 
in  diameter;  fifty-nine  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the  largest 
one  measured  seventy-one  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis;  the  stump  of  this  species  measured  four 
and  one  half  inches  in  diameter;  two  sprouts  were  growing  from  it, 
and  the  largest  one  measured  forty-two  inches  in  height. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis;  the  stump  of  this  species  measured  eleven 
inches  in  diameter;  sixteen  sprouts  were  growing  around  it,  and  the 
largest  one  measured  sixty-five  inches  in  height. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  other  species  on  the  Forestry  Station 
grounds  that  have  been  cut  down,  all  of  which  sprouted. 

Natural  Seedlings. — Many  plants  growing  in  countries  far  from 
their  native  homes  will  not  reproduce  themselves  from  seed  naturally 


4> 


N1VKKMTY    OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION, 


in  the  soil.     The   Eucalyptus  produces  seedlings  naturally  to  a  con- 
siderable  extent  in  California,  along  the  southern  coast.    At  the  present 


Fi%.    12.      Eucalyptus  globulus,   10-year-old  sprouts. 

there  are  to  be   found  on  the  bluffs  near  Port  Los  Angeles,  one 
and   one   half   miles   northwesl    of   Santa    Monica,   thousands  of  Euca- 


Bulletin   190. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


49 


lyptus   globulus    (common   Blue    Gum)    plants   and   seedlings   ranging 
in  age  from  six  months  to  three  years.     There  are  seedlings  of  the  fol- 


■,  ■ 


Fig.    13.      Eucalyptus   citriodora. 

lowing  species  in  large  numbers  on  these  bluffs:  Eucalyptus  coryno- 
calyx,  cornuta,  leuco.rylon,  and  Gunnii. 


50 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


In  the  old  grove  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds  a  large  number  of 
seedlings   come  up   every  year   after  cultivation  is  stopped  in  June. 


Fig.    1 


Eucalyptus  diversicolor. 


Some   of  the  species   recorded   as  having  volunteered   are  as  follows: 
Eucalyptus  citriodora,  one  specimen    now  three  years  old;  punctata. 


Bulletin  19(3.  EUCALYPTUS   IN    CALIFORNIA.  51 

five  and  six  feet  in  height  at  the  present  time;  leucoxylou,  corynocalyx, 
globulus,  polyanthema,  and  siderophloia. 

There   are   a  few  small  plants  among  the   Eucalyptus   street  trees 
on  Seventh  street  and  Nevada  avenue,  Santa  Monica. 


Fig.   15.     Eucalyptus  rostrata,  22  years  old. 

THE    SPECIES   OF   EUCALYPTUS   TO   BE   FOUND   GROWING   IN 

CALIFORNIA. 

This  list  does  not  purport  to  be  absolutely  complete  for  the  localities  mentioned, 
but  is  sufficient  to  give  a  good  idea  of  what  species  are  growing  in  the  State. 

At  Chico,  Butte  County,  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  the  climate  is 
too  severe  for  planting  as  a  commercial  enterprise,  though  the  most 
resistant    species    like    Eucalyptus    globulus,    rostrata,    and    viminalis 


02  UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

grow  fairly  well.     The  following  species  were  tested  at  the  Chico  For- 
stry  Station  ten  years  ago  and  found  to  be  too  tender  for  that  region: 


Fig.    16.     Eucalyptus  rudis. 

Eucalyptus    cosmophylla,    cinera,    Lehmannii,   acmi nioides,   andreana. 
botryoides,  decipiens,  floribunda,  citriodora,  ficifolia,  and  calophylla; 


Ill  LLETIN    196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


53 


while  the  following,  although  they  made  a  small  growth,  are  too  tender 
for  the  locality:  rudis,  tereticornis,  resinifera,  and  diversicolov. 


Fig.   17.     Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  26  years  old. 

The  Eucalyptus  trees  around  Yuba  City  and  Marysville  are  of  the 
species  globulus,  or  common  Glue  Gum,  and  viminalis.    Mr.  B.  F.  Wal- 


54 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


ion  has  a  fine  grove  of  Eucalyptus  viminalis  thirty  years  old  situated 
some  three  miles  southwest  of  Yuba  City. 

Mr.  H.  A.  Alspaeh,  Superintendent  of  East  Lawn  Cemetery,  Sacra- 
mento, received  a  shipment  of  twelve  species  of  Eucalyptus  from  this 
Station  in  the  spring  of  1906,  and  in  January,  1907,  the  only  surviving 
species  were  as  follows:  tereticornis,  rostrata,  rudis,  and  diversicolor. 


Fig.  18.     Eucalyptus  viminalis. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Elmira  there  are  growing  the  following  species : 
globulus,  rostrata,  viminalis,  paniculata,  and  melliodora.  Although 
there  are  a  number  of  species  growing  in  the  north,  Eucalyptus  globulus 
forms  the  bulk  of  all  the  plantings  over  ten  years  old;  in  fact,  as  well 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  as  in  the  northern  part. 

On  the  grounds  of  the  University  of  California,  at  Berkeley,  the 
following  species  are  growing:  Eucalyptus  viminalis,  rostrata,  glob- 
ulus, resiwifera,  amygdaUna,  Eugenioides,  paniculata,  pilularis,  obliqua, 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA.  55 

citriodora,  Gunnii,  and  others.  There  are  large  groves  of  the  common 
Blue  Gum,  globulus,  growing  on  the  hillsides  at  North  Berkeley ;  and  a 
small  grove  of  very  fine  globulus  trees  at  the  entrance  to  the  University 
grounds  from  the  Berkeley  railroad  station. 

At  San  Jose  the  following  Eucalypts  are  found:  globulus,  rostrata, 
viminalis,  Stuartiana,  corynocalyx,  rudis,  poly antli etna,  and  tereticornis. 

At  Salinas  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  globulus  are  to  be  found  in  small 
numbers. 

At  San  Luis  Obispo  Eucalyptus  globulus  has  been  the  only  gum  set 
out  to  any  extent,  although  at  the  present  time  there  are  a  number  of 
persons  contemplating  the  setting  out  of  large  plantings  of  rostrata 
and  tereticornis. 

At  Santa  Maria,  northern  Santa  Barbara  County,  the  following 
Eucalypts  are  growing:  corynocalyx,  citriodora,  cornuta,  cornuta 
var.  Lehmannii,  rudis,  rostrata,  robusta,  sideroxylon  var.  rosea. 

The  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper  has  one  of  the  largest  collections  of  Euca- 
lypts in  the  State  at  his  ranch,  twelve  miles  north  of  Santa  Barbara  at 
Ellwood;  some  of  the  species  are  as  follows:  citriodora,  globulus, 
diversicolor,  hemiphloia,  rostrata,  tereticornis,  and  viminalis. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Santa  Barbara  are  to  be  found  groves  of  robusta 
and  globulus,  and  specimens  of  botryoides,  microtheca,  sideroxylon  var. 
rosea,  corymbosa,  and  amygdalina  var.  angustifolia. 

At  Ventura  there  are  trees  of  globidus  and  robusta. 

From  Santa  Paula  to  Piru  there  are  trees  of  globulus,  rostrata,  vim- 
inalis, robusta,  and  polyanthema;  all  of  these  species  have  made  good 
growths  in  this  region. 

From  Port  Costa  to  Fresno,  on  the  Valley  railroad  line,  there  are  but 
few  groves  of  Eucalyptus,  practically  all  of  which  are  of  the  species 
globulus,  or  common  Blue  Gum. 

In  the  city  of  Fresno  and  vicinity  there  is  to  be  found  quite  a  large 
collection  of  Eucalypts,  some  of  which  are  as  follows :  rudis,  robusta, 
rostrata,  crebra,  viminalis,  polyanthema,  paniculata,  and   globulus. 

At  Hanford,  Cal.,  the  Experimental  Forestry  Company  has  tested 
a  large  number  of  Eucalypts  and  have  found  that  the  following:  tere- 
ticornis, globulus,  rudis,  rostrata,  siderophloia,  resinifera,  viminalis, 
crebra,  and  Stuartiana  will  withstand  the  climate  of  that  region  and 
make  a  good  growth.  The  Sugar  Gum,  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx,  punc- 
tata, diversicolor,  ficifolia,  calophylla  and  citriodora  all  succumb  to  the 
frosts. 

There  are  six  different  species  that  have  made  a  fair  growth  at  Tulare, 
as  follows :  amygdalina,  Gunnii,  rostrata,  viminalis,  globulus,  and 
resinifera. 


56  UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

The  largest  grove  o£  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  known  to  the  writer  is 
situated  at  Garden  Grove,  Cal.,  and  is  twenty-six  years  old.  The  other 
species  in  this  loealty  are  rostrata,  globulus,  corynqcalyx,  and  viminalis. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Orange,  CaL.  there  are  the  following  species 
in  wind-breaks  and  street  trees:  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  robusia,  coryn- 
(■•calyx,  rostrata  and  globulus. 

On  the  Bixby  Ranch,  northeast  of  Orange,  there  has  been  set  out  this 
last  spring  over  seventy  acres  of  land  in  the  foothills  to  the  following 
species:  Eucalyptus  tereticornis,  crebra,  corynocalyx,  and  globulus. 

Eucalyptus  globulus  predominates  in  the  country  around  Santa  Ana 
and  Tustin,  with  a  few  trees  of  rostrata,  corynocalyx  and  robusia. 

There  is  a  large  planting  of  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  near  El  Toro 
on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  line. 

From  Santa  Ana  to  Del  Mar,  practically  the  only  species  growing 
is  the  Sugar  Gum,  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx.  At  Del  Mar  there  are  a 
large  number  of  trees  of  the  species  globidus  set  out  some  ten  years  ago. 
and  nearly  all  of  these  trees  show  the  effects  of  the  ocean  winds. 

The  Sugar  Gum  is  in  the  largest  numbers  of  any  of  the  Eucalypts 
around  San  Diego  as  a  street  and  shade  tree,  while  there  are  other 
trees  of  the  following  species:  citriodora,  cornuta,  robusta,  and  cal- 
ophylla. 

The  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  has  purchased  a  ranch  at  Del  Mar, 
San  Diego  County,  which  covers  nearly  8,000  acres,  which  they  eventu- 
ally expect  to  cover  with  Eucalyptus  trees  for  ties,  bridge  timbers,  etc.. 
to  be  used  along  their  roadways  and  in  their  coaches.  This  last  spring 
a  start  was  made  on  the  planting.  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  resinifera,  and 
tereticornis  are  thought  of  very  favorably  by  the  company. 

The  company  has  sent  one  agent  to  southern  Europe  to  make  a 
study  of  the  methods  employed  there  in  the  growing  of  the  Eucalypts 
commercially,  and  another  has  been  sent  to  Australia  to  make  a  study  of 
the  trees  in  their  native  country. 

At  Charter  Oak  and  San  Dimas  are  found  a  large  number  of  trees 
of  the  species  Eucalyptus  citriodora,  globulus,  viminalis.  rostrata,  and 
I  oh  ust a. 

Pomona  has  many  groves  of  Eucalypts,  one  of  which  is  situated  about 
four  miles  southwest  and  is  composed  of  the  following  species:  Euca- 
lyptus viminalis,  rostrata,  diver sicolor,  resinifera,  and  globulus. 

Prom  Pomona  to  Riverside  there  are  many  groves,  wind-breaks 
and  short  avenues  of  corynocalyx  and  globidus. 

At  Riverside  on  the  different  drives  and  streets  are  to  be  found  the 
following  Eucalypts:  globulus,  rostrata,  viminalis,  punctata,  robusta, 
and  corynocalyx.    There  are  two  specimens  of  popxdi folia  at  Arlington. 


Bulletin   196.  EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA.  57 

At  Colton  the  following  Eucalypts  are  found:  robusta,  globulus, 
viminalis,  and  corynocalyx. 

In  San  Bernardino  the  following  are  growing :  Eucalyptus  globulus, 
corynocalyx,  robusta,  rostrata,  and  polyanthema. 

At  Redlands  as  street  trees  and  in  the  Smiley  Heights  Park  are  to 
be  found  the  following:  corynocalyx,  robusta,  virriinalis,  ficifolia, 
globulus,  rostrata,  sideroxylon,  and  citriodora. 

At  Imperial,  in  the  Imperial  Valley,  there  have  until  the  present 
time  been  only  three  species  tried  that  can  withstand  the  heat ;  these  are 
as  follows:  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  tereticornis,  and  rudis.  The  common 
Blue  Gum,  globulus,  has  succumbed  to  the  heat  in  every  instance  where 
it  has  been  set  out  in  that  region. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  different  species  of  Eucalyptus  growing 
on  the  University  of  California  Forestry  Station  grounds  at  Santa 
Monica : 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  amygdalina  var.  angusti  folia,  Andreana. 
acmenioides,  botryoides,  citriodora,  calophylla,  cornuia,  cornuta  var. 
Lehmannii,  corymbosa,  corynocalyx,  cosmophylla,  coriacea,  cordata, 
dicipiens,  diver  sicolor,  Eugenioides,  eximia,  ficifolia,  globulus,  gonio- 
calyx,  gomphocephala,  Gunnii,  haemastoma,  incrassata,  jugalis,  leu- 
coxylon,  longifolia,  leptophleba,  largiflorens,  macrocarpa,  macrorhyncha, 
marginata,  McArthurii,  Mulleriana,  maculata,  microcorys,  megacarpa, 
obcordata,  obtusifolia,  occidentalis,  paniculata,  pilularis,  piperita, 
polyanthema,  platypus,  punctata,  populifolia,  pulverulenta,  redunca, 
r  eg  nans,  rostrata,  rudis,  resinifera,  robusta,  resinifera  var.  grandifolia, 
rubida,  raver entiana,  siderophloia,  sideroxylon,  sideroxylon  var.  rosea, 
Sirberiana,  Stuartiana,  salmonophloia,  stellulata,  tereticornis,  viminalis. 

EUCALYPTUS   FOR   PLANTING   IN   CALIFORNIA. 

Of  these  many  different  species  of  Eucalyptus,  the  majority  of  which 
are  unknown  save  to  the  specialist,  we  select  the  following  eighteen  for 
special  consideration,  as  being  the  most  promising  for  commercial  plant- 
ing in  California  on  the  basis  of  present  knowledge.  The  order  of 
arrangement  is  simply  alphabetical. 

EUCALYPTUS    BOTRYOIDES.       BASTARD    MAHOGANY. 

(Figures  19,   21,  and  22.) 

The  trees  of  this  species  are  very  erect  in  growth,  but  branched;  the 
bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  old  trees  is  reddish  brown  in  color,  rough  and 
nearly  persistent;  the  limbs  are  generally  smooth,  shedding  their  bark 
in  long  strips. 

The  leaves  are  lance-shaped,  leathery  in  texture,  in  color  the  upper 
surface  is  a  dark  green,  while  the  lower  surface  is  much  paler. 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


The  flower  clusters  are  borne  laterally  on  compressed  stalks.     The 
seed  cases  are  five  to  seven  in  number,  deep,  cup-shaped  and  stemless. 


Eucalyptus  botryoides. 


Fig.  20.     Eucalyptus  citriodora. 


The  timber  of  this  species  is  considered  by  the  Australian  writers 
to  be  one  of  the  best  of  the  Eucalypts,  when  it  is  grown  where  there  is 
plenty  of  water. 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


59 


This  species  is  growing  around  Santa  Barbara  and  Montecito,  also 
south  along  the  coast. 

The  young  trees  at  the  Forestry  Station,  fourteen  months  old,  made 


Fig.    21.      Eucalyptus    botryoides. 

an  average  growth  of  nearly  13  feet,  and  a  tree  six  years  old  has  a 
height  of  38  feet  ten  inches  and  a  diameter  of  iy2  inches. 

This  species  makes  the  best  of  wind-breaks  and  is  also  one  of  the  best 
Eucalypts  to  use  as  a  shade  tree. 

3— Bull.  196 


60 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.  22.     Eucalyptus  botryoides.     Natural  size. 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


61 


EUCALYPTUS  CITRIODORA.     LEMON  SCENTED  GUM. 
(Figures   13    (p.   49),   20    (p.    58),   and  23   and  24.) 

Eucalyptus  citriodora  is  of  an  erect  habit  of  growth  (see  page  49)  in 
protected  places,  but  branches  more  or  less  in  unprotected  situations. 
This  species  has  a  tendency  to  put  out  most  of  its  limbs  on  the  windward 
side.  Figure  13  shows  a  typical  specimen  of  the  species  standing  in  an 
unprotected  situation. 


Fig. 


Eucalyptus  citriodora. 


The  deciduous  bark  of  the  old  trees  is  of  a  cream  color,  mixed  here  and 
there  with  dark  shades  of  lavender,  due  to  the  unequal  flaking  off  of  the 
bark,  which  generally  occurs  in  June  and  July,  while  the  trees  are  in 
bloom. 

The  drooping  branches  with  their  long,  narrow  and  slightly  curved 
leaves,  which  are  dark  green  on  both  sides,  give  to  the  trees  a  weeping 
effect.  The  leaves  when  crushed  give  off  a  very  fragrant  lemon  scented 
aroma,  from  which  the  species  derives  its  name. 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

The  buds  with   their   deciduous   calyx   caps  are  nearly  egg-shaped, 
while  the  matiuv   fruit   is  nearly  spherical,  with  the  valves,   four  in 


i-'i^.   24.     Eucalyptus  citriodora.     Natural   size. 

number,  enclosed.  The  seed  ripens  during  the  summer  months.  It  is 
flal  in  shape,  nearly  the  size  of  the  Blue  Gum,  but  has  a  yellowish 
colored  center. 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN    CALIFORNIA.  63 

The  range  of  this  species  is  limited  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  State, 
because  it  is  not  able  to  withstand  frost.  It  thrives  best  along  the  coast, 
from  Ellwood,  Santa  Barbara  County,  to  Coronado,  San  Diego  County. 
Trees  of  this  species  can  be  found  in  many  of  the  towns,  if  there  are 
parks  or  wealthy  residents.  Some  fine  specimens  are  to  be  found  in 
West  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles;  at  San  Dimas,  in  the  citrus  region,  a 
large  number  of  these  trees  has  been  set  out. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Neff,  of  Anaheim,  has  two  fine  specimens  of  this  species, 
twelve  years  old,  in  front  of  his  house;  the  trees  have  made  a  growth 
of  a  little  over  sixty  feet. 

This  species  can  be  grown  on  any  tillable  soil,  free  from  alkali,  where 
the  temperature  does  not  fall  much  below  32°F.  The  average  growth 
per  year  of  trees  of  this  species,  for  from  ten  to  sixteen  years,  is  between 
five  and  six  feet.  There  are,  however,  a  few  specimens  which  have, 
under  irrigation,  made  a  greater  growth. 

The  wood  of  this  species  when  sawed  is  light  colored,  and  has  a 
very  close  grain ;  it  is  a  wood  that  undoubtedly  can  be  put  to  many  prac- 
tical uses,  although  there  are  many  others  of  a  more  rapid  growth  with 
as  good  if  not  more  valuable  wood.    It  is  a  wood  that  splits  very  readily. 


EUCALYPTUS    CORYMBOSA.      BLOODWOOD,   N.    S.    W. 
(Figures  25,   27,  and  28.) 

This  species  has  an  erect  habit  of  growth,  forming  straight  poles  with 
but  few  limbs. 

The  bark  of  the  old  trees  is  rough,  but  not  deeply  furrowed.  It  is 
persistent  and  of  a  dark  gray  color.  The  bark  of  the  limbs  is  smooth 
and  brown  in  color. 

The  leaves  are  long,  lance-shaped,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
while  the  under  surface  is  several  shades  lighter.  The  young  foliage 
is  very  light  green  in  color  and  waxy.  The  petioles  of  the  leaves  are 
red  in  color. 

The  buds  are  borne  on  long  stalklets,  in  clusters  of  from  two  to 
seven,  in  paniculated  umbels.  The  mature  seed  cases  are  somewhat 
similar  in  shape  to  those  of  the  Sugar  Gum,  but  much  larger.  The 
valves  are  deeply  enclosed. 

The  wood  of  this  species  varies  in  color  from  a  brown  to  a  red  and  is 
full  of  gum  veins,  which  make  the  lumber  for  building  purposes  or 
wagon  work  valueless.  However,  it  is  recommended  by  the  Australian 
writers  as  very  durable  and  valuable  as  piles  and  ties,  especially  for 
work  in  the  water. 

If  the  bark  is  injured  an  exudate  appears,  which  is  red  in  color,  but 
soon  hardens,  forming  a  very  dark  colored,  resin-like  substance. 


64 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA  — KXPKKIMKNT  STATION. 


*  ■  '■ '    ' 

1 

EHMHHi .  ( 

i 

% 

■Bp^ ' 

§sWi->i       ' 

fl  1 

* 

:. 

Wi'i    r,       «ij*J 

Hi  V 

J/  •  ff      ^ 


Pig    25.     Eucalyptus  corymbosa. 


Fig.    26.      Eucalyptus    corynocalyx    (p.    66). 


Bulletin  196.  eucalyptus  in   California. 


65 


Fig.  27.     Eucalyptus  corymbose.     Natural  size. 


66 


IMVKKsirv    OF   CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Trees  of  this  species  are  growing  at  Santa  Barbara  and  in  that 
vicinity,  also  along  the  coast  south  of  there  in  a  few  places.  To  reach 
its  greatest  development  it  requires  a  moist  locality,  where  heavy  frosts 
are  uncommon. 

A  tree  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds  has  made  a  growth  of  82% 
feet  and  a  diameter  of  ll1/^  inches  chest  high  in  eighteen  years. 


Fig.    28.      Eucalyptus   corymbosa. 


EUCALYPTUS   CORYNOCALYX.      SUGAR   GUM. 
(Figures  26,   29,  and  30.) 

Trees  of  this  species  in  close  planting  grow  erect,  having  a  very  open 
crown,  while  individual  specimens  branch  low,  with  the  branches  scat- 
tering. The  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  old  trees  is  deciduous,  and  of  a 
scaly  appearance,  due  to  the  unequal  flaking  oft'  at  different  times  of  the 
y<;h.r.    In  color  it  varies  from  a  cream  to  a  dark  gray. 

The  branches  are  smooth,  shading  off  in  color  to  a  light  green,  while 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


67 


the  twigs,  young  seedlings  and  sprouts  are  of  a  reddish  hue.  The  leaves 
of  the  young  plants  are  ovate,  dark  green  in  color  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  leaf  and  several  shades  lighter  underneath.     Those  of  the  old 


Fig  29.     Eucalyptus  corynocalyx. 

trees  are  long,  slightly  curved  and  sharply  pointed,  somewhat  leathery  in 
texture,  dark  green  on  the  upper  side  and  lighter  in  color  beneath. 
The  buds  are  borne  laterally  and  bloom  during  August  and  Septem- 
ber; umbels  alternate,  solitary,  pedicels  short,  the  buds  with  their 
deciduous  calyx  caps  are  dumb-bell  shaped,  while  the  mature  fruit  is 


68 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.    30.      Eucalyptus    corynocalyx.      Natural    size. 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


69 


!::;  * 


Fig.  31.     Eucalyptus  crebra  (p.  72). 


Fig.   32.     Eucalyptus  diversicolor. 


'0 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


egg-shaped,  with  the  valves  three  to  four  in*  number,  generally  three, 
enclosed.  The  seed  ripens  during*  the  summer  months  and  is  brown  in 
color  and  the  size  of  the  Blue  Gum  seed,  but  not  so  angular. 

The  lumber  of  the  Sugar  Gum  is  of  a  yellowish  white  color,  easy  to 
work  when  green  but  very  hard  if  allowed  to  dry.  This  wood  is  very 
close  grained  and  hard,  and  tested  very  high  at  Berkeley  in  the  tests 


Fig. 


Eucalyptus  crebra   (p.   72). 


carried  on  by  the  United  States  Forestry  Service.  The  wood  can  be 
used  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  Blue  Gum  wood,  and  is  durable  under 
ground. 

Trees  of  this  species  reach  their  best  development  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  State.  The  Sugar  Gum  has  been  given  a  thorough  trial  in  both  the 
San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys,  but  in  every  case  known  to  the 
writer  they  have  been  killed  by  frost.  Some  of  the  best  growths  of 
this  tree  can  be  seen  at  Riverside,  or  in  the  towns  along  the  coast  from 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN    CALIFORNIA. 


71 


Fig.  34.     Eucalyptus  crebra.     Natural  size    (p.   72). 


i-  UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

San  Diego  to  Santa  Monica.  This  is  one  of  the  trees  much  used  in 
southern  California  as  a  street  tree,  especially  at  and  around  San  Diego. 
It  is  to  be  found  growing  as  wind-breaks  around  Riverside,  San  Bernar- 
dino, Colton,  Ontario,  Pomona,  and  San  Dimas. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  drought  resistent  and  valuable  Euca- 


Fig.   35.     Eucalyptus  diversicolor    (p.   75). 

lypts  that  can  be  set  out  commercially,  but  it  succumbs  to  frost.  It 
is  of  a  much  slower  growth  than  the  other  commercial  Eucalypts,  coming 
after  rostrata,  as  a  rule. 

EUCALYPTUS  CREBRA. 
(Figures  31,   33,  and  34)    (pp.   69,   70,   71.) 

This  species  is  of  an  erect  growth  and  has  a  very  rough,  persistent 
bark  of  a  Light  grayish  color,  the  rough  bark  extending  to  the  limbs-. 
and  small  twigs,  which  are  smooth. 


Bulletin  IDG 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


73 


Fig.    36.     Eucalyptus   diversicolor.      Natural    size    (p.    75), 


<4  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

The  leaves  are  long,  narrow,  equally  dark  green  on  both  sides  and 
pendulous,  giving  the  trees  a  weeping  effect. 

The  mature  seed  cases  are  borne  in  paniculated  umbels,  and  are  small, 
cup-shaped,  with  the  valves,  generally  four  in  number,  enclosed. 

The  wood  is  hard,  durable  and  of  a  reddish  color,  considered  very 
valuable. 


Fig.  37.     Eucalyptus  globulus. 


This  species  has  the  power  to  resist  frosts  and  is  found  growing  at 
Fresno  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

It  is  being  set  out  in  great  numbers  at  the  present  time  by  companies, 
in  commercial  plantings. 

\r\  rapidity  of  growth  this  species  ranks  near  the  Eucalyptus  rostrata. 


Bulletin  196.  eucalyptus   in   California.  75 

eucalyptus  diversicolor. 

(Figures  11    (p.   50),   32,   35,   and   36.) 

The  natural  growth  of  this  species  is  erect,  with  branched,  open 
crowns;  isolated  specimens,  as  well  as  those  in  close  plantings,  have 
straight  trunks  suitable  for  poles.     (Fig.  14.) 

The  bark  of  the  old  trees  is  nearly  persistent,  only  small  areas 
flaking  off  at  irregular  intervals  of  time.  The  color  varies  on  the  same 
tree  from  a  light  to  a  very  dark  gray,  almost  black  in  some  instances. 

The  leaves  are  lance-shaped,  of  medium  size,  leathery  texture,  the 
veins  being  parallel  and  at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  mid- vein.  In 
color  the  upper  surface  is  dark  green,  while  the  under  surface  is  sev- 
eral shades  lighter. 

The  buds  are  borne  in  solitary  axillary  umbels  in  clusters  of  from 
four  to  nine,  on  one-fourth  inch  stalklets.  The  mature  seed  cases  are 
similar  to  those  of  the  Eucalyptus  citriodora  and  maculata,  egg-shaped, 
with  the  small  end  cut  off;  the  valves,  four  in  number,  are  enclosed. 

The  wood  is  very  hard,  durable  and  of  a  very  light  red  color.  It 
is  valuable  as  ties,  lumber  for  building  purposes,  wagon  work,  and 
in  the  manufacturing  of  furniture,  as  it  takes  a  fine  polish. 

This  species  was  set  out  at.  Hanford,  but  it  succumbed  to  the 
frosts.  The  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper  has  fine  specimens  growing  at  Ell- 
wood,  north  of  Santa  Barbara. 

The  trees  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds,  set  out  four  years  ago, 
have  made  a  growth  of  32  feet  in  height  and  3y2  inches  in  diameter. 
The  eighteen-year-old  trees  have  a  growth  of  72  feet  in  height  and  14% 
inches  in  diameter.  This  species  makes  its  greatest  growth  along  the 
coast,  where  water  is  plentiful. 

EUCALYPTUS   GLOBULUS.      BLUE    GUM. 
(Figures  9,    10,    11,    12    (pp.    43-48),    37   and  38.)  ♦ 

Individuals  of  this  species  grow  erect  as  a  rule,  branching  low  in 
isolated  specimens,  while  those  in  close  plantings  have  small  crowns 
and  are  practically  free  from  lateral  branches.  The  bark  of  the  seed- 
ling is  light  bluish  green  in  color,  while  that  of  the  trunks  of  the  old 
trees  varies  from  a  light  brown  to  a  gray  or  greenish  color  due  to 
the  flaking  off  of  the  bark  in  long  strips.  The  limbs  are  generally 
smooth. 

The  stems  of  the  seedlings  are  rectangular  in  shape,  while  their 
i  eaves  and  those  of  the  sprouts  of  the  old  trees  are  opposite,  oblong, 
bluntly  pointed,  and  of  a  light  bluish  green  color,  darker  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  leaf.  Those  of  the  old  trees  are  elongated,  sickle-shaped, 
leathery  in  texture,  and  equally  dark  green  on  both  sides. 
-Bull.  196 


re 


UNIVERSITY  OF   CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.   38.     Eucalyptus  globulus.     Natural  size. 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA.  77 

This  species  is  in  bloom  from  January  to  May,  the  flowers  being 
white  in  color,  generally  solitary,  axillary  and  borne  --on  short 
stalks.  The  whitish  buds  are  angular,  with  a  bluntly  pointed  saucer- 
shaped  deciduous  cap,  while  the  mature  fruit  is  dark  green  in  color, 
with  from  three  to  five  valves,  generally  four,  barely  enclosed. 

Trees  of  this  species  endure  the  frosts  of  the  Sacramento  Valley  as 
far  north  as  Red  Bluff,  Tehama  County,  and  the  dry  heat  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley.  It  is  found  in  nearly  every  town  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco to  San  Diego,  and  out  to  the  edge  of  the  Imperial  desert  region. 
A  large  number  of  Blue  Gum  seedlings  have  been  set  out  in  Imperial 
Valley,  but  nearly  all  have  died  on  account  of  the  intense  heat,  while 
the  trees  of  the  species  rostrata  and  rudis  have  survived  the  heat  and 
are  making  wonderful  growths  under  irrigation. 

The  Blue  Gum  reaches  its  greatest  development  along  the  coast  and 
river  bottoms,  where  the  annual  rainfall  is  fifteen  or  more  inches,  and 
foggy  days  are  common;  although  trees  of  this  species  are  to  be  found 
growing  on  lands  varying  from  an  alkali  to  a  rich  loam,  and  at  varying 
elevations  from  river  bottoms  to  hilltops.  On  the  east  slope  of  a  num- 
ber of  small  hills  near  Santa  Monica,  Cal.,  this  species  volunteers 
readily  from  its  own  seeds. 

The  lumber  of  this  species  is  durable  above  ground,  and  is  being 
sawed  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  for  the  felloes,  poles,  reaches  and  singletrees 
of  wagons,  and  flooring,  insulator  pins,  and,  in  fact,  anything  that 
requires  strength.  It  is  valued  at  the  same  price  as  that  of  oak  lumber, 
which  it  is  slowly  replacing.  The  wood  is  yellowish  white  in  color, 
close  grained  and  easily  polished.  It  has  a  tendency  to  chip  when 
planed,  on  account  of  a  wavy  grain. 

The  leaves  from  the  Blue  Gum  furnish  practically  all  the  Eucalyp- 
tus oil  in  this  country,  as  it  is  claimed  by  the  distillers  that  it  is  the 
only  species  producing  a  sufficient  quantity  of  oil  per  hundred  pounds 
of  leaves  to  make  distilling  a  profitable  business. 

This  species,  Eucalyptus  globulus,  is  undoubtedly  better  known  than 
any  of  the  other  Eucalypts  in  this  State,  and  is  recognized  generally 
in  the  State  as  one  of  the  fastest  growing  trees  in  the  world.  Following 
are  some  of  the  growths  recorded  in  different  localities:  Rev.  Jewett 
of  Vacaville,  Cal.,  has  a  grove  of  319  trees,  set  out  8  by  8  feet  apart 
on  a  medium  loam,  that  are  twenty-five  years  old.  The  average  height 
is  125  feet  and  the  average  diameter  is  14*4  inches  chest  high. 

Mr.  Blanchard  of  Santa  Paula,  Ventura  County,  recorded  143  feet 
in  height  and  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base  of  the  trees  in  a  thirty- 
year-old  wind-break  that  was  cut  down  during  the  winter  of  1906  and 
1907.  These  trees  had  always  been  irrigated  with  the  orange  grove 
which  they  protected  from  heavy  winds. 


I  8 


fNIVERSITV   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Mr.  Cory  of  the  same  place  recorded  growths  of  124  feet  in  height 
and  3  feel  in  diameter  at  the  base  of  the  trees,  which  were  twelve  years 
old  when  cut  on  the  Limoneira  Ranch  at  Haines,  Ventura  County, 
These  trees  had  always  been  irrigated  with  the  lemons. 


Fig.   '■'.'.).     Eucalyptus  leucoxylon. 


Fig.  50.     Eucalyptus  polyanthema    (p.   SI) 


Mrs.  Copely,  of  Riverside,  has  a  live-acre  grove,  under  irrigation. 
sel  out  4  by  8  feel  apart,  on  a  sandy  soil  at  Bloomington.  They  are 
two  years  old  and  have  an  average  height  of  25  feet.     (Fig.  9.) 

We  have  a  one- fourth   acre  grove  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


79 


at  Santa  Monica.  The  trees  were  set  out  4  by  4  feet  apart  on  a  mesa 
two  hundred  feet  above  the  sea  level,  and  never  have  received  any 
irrigation  except  a  small  can  of  water  per  tree  when  set  out.  (The 
rains  average  nearly  twenty  inches.)  These  trees  at  four  and  one 
half  years  old  average  over  40  feet,  and  two  of  the  specimens  measure 
53%  feet  in  height,  and  have  a  diameter  chest  high  of  7%  inches. 


Pig.  41.     Eucalyptus  leucoxylon. 


EUCALYPTUS     LEUCOXYLON. 

(Figures  39,  41,  and  42.) 

The  trees  of  this  species  grow  branched  and  out  of  shape,  both  in 
isolated  specimens  and  close  planting.  In  individual  specimens  they 
are  very  ornamental. 


- 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.  42.     Eucalyptus  leucoxylon.     Natural  size. 


Bulletin  196.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA.  81 

The  deciduous  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  old  trees  varies  from  a 
cream  to  a  very  dark  gray,  in  some  instances  a  brownish  color.  The 
bark  is  generally  smooth,  flaking  off  in  irregular  strips. 

The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  and  the  sprouts  of  the  old  trees  are 
opposite,  while  those  of  the  old  trees  are  long,  narrow  and  slightly 
curved,  equally  dark  green  on  both  sides. 

The  buds  are  nearly  spherical  and  beaked,  borne  in  solitary,  axil- 
lary umbels,  in  clusters  of  from  two  to  four,  generally  three,  on  long 
stalks.  The  trees  are  in  bloom  during  the  late  spring  and  fall  of  the 
year. 

The  mature  seed  cases  are  goblet-shaped,  with  the  valves,  generally 
five  in  number,  deeply  enclosed. 

The  wood  of  this  species  saws  easily  when  green.  It  is  light  colored, 
strong,  fairly  durable  and  undoubtedly  can  be  used  in  carpentry  and 
wTagon  work. 

There  is  a  variety  of  this  species,  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  var. 
rosea,  which  has  been  recognized  of  late  as  a  promising  ornamental; 
it  has  a  pinkish  bloom  and  a  cream  colored  bark. 

This  species  reaches  its  greatest  development  along  the  coast  in  local- 
ities where  there  is  plenty  of  rain,  but  will  withstand  drought  condi- 
tions and  low  temperatures.  It  makes  a  favorable  growth,  compared 
to  many  of  the  others.  Young  plants  14  inches  in  height,  set  out  in 
March,  1906,  averaged  in  height  on  June  20,  1907,  8  feet  9  inches; 
wThile  trees  eighteen  years  old  averaged  60  feet  in  height  and  had  an 
average  diameter  of  15  inches. 

This  tree  sprouts  very  readily  after  cutting,  and  in  many  instances 
natural  seedlings  have  been  found. 

EUCALYPTUS   POLYANTHEMA.      AUSTRALIAN    BEECH. 

(Figures  40,   43,  and  44.) 

The  trees  of  this  species  are  generally  of  a  much  branched  and  irreg- 
ular growth,   although  in  some  cases  erect  growing  trees  are   found. 

The  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  old  trees  is  slightly  rough,  fibrous, 
persistent  and  of  a  light  gray  color.  The  branches  are  generally 
smooth,  varying  from  a  greenish  to  a  bluish  white  color  at  the  tips 
of  the  twigs. 

The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  are  oval  in  shape  and  of  a  bluish 
white  color,  while  those  of  the  old  trees  vary  from  oval  to  lance-shape, 
and  in  color  they  are  bluish  green  on  both  sides. 

The  umbels  are  paniculated  and  the  whitish  buds  are  borne  on 
stalklets  of  medium  length,  in  clusters  of  from  four  to  seven.  The 
mature  seed  cases  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  Eucalyptus  crebra, 


B2 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


goblet-shaped  and  small,  with  the  valves,  from  three  to  five  in  number, 
generally  four,  enclosed. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  of  a  light  color,  hard,  and  easily  polished. 
It  is  said  by  Australian  writers  to  be  durable. 

This  tree  is  drought-resistant  and  one  that  can  be  grown  on  th<j  dry 


Fi£.  43.     Eucalyptus  polyanthema. 


mesa    laud   in   the  soul  hem    part  of  the  State,  where  heavy  frosts  are 
uncommon. 

The  growth  of  this  species  is  very  slow  in  comparison  with  some 
of  the  others  of  the  family.  Ten-year-old  trees  on  the  Forestry  Sta- 
tion grounds,  on  a  mesa  without  water,  made  the  following  growth: 
average  height,  36%  feet,  diameter  chest  high,  5%  inches.  This  species 
is  growing  as  wind-breaks  near  Piru,  Ventura  County,  also  as  orna- 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


83 


mentals,  wind-breaks,  and  for  fuel  in  the  vicinity  of  Los  Angeles,  and 
south  along-  the  coast. 

EUCALYPTUS    PUNCTATA.       LEATHER    JACKET. 

(Figures  45,  47,  and  48.) 

The  trunks  of  this  species  are  erect  in  growth,  both  in  isolated  speci- 
mens in  close  planting.     The  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  young  trees 


Fig.    44.     Eucalyptus  polyanthema.      Natural   size. 

is  smooth  and  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  while  that  of  the  old  trees  is  a 
dark  grayish  brown,  changing  to  a  light  brown  directly  after  the  old 
bark  flakes  off,  which  generally  is  only  in  small  areas  at  different  times 
of  the  year. 

The  buds  are  borne  in  clusters  of  from  five  to  seven,  on  short  stems ; 
the  umbels  are   solitary  and  axillary;   this  gum   is  in  bloom   during 


84 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


.■■'...    ■   .'C 


'lg.    !."       Eucalyptus  punctata. 


Fig.  46.     Eucalyptus  resinifera    (p.    87). 


Bulletin   196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


85 


August,  September  and  October.  The  deciduous  calyx  cap  is  sharply 
pointed,  while  the  mature  seed  cases  are  goblet-shaped,  with  the  valves, 
four  and  five  in  number,  barely  enclosed. 

The   leaves   are   of  medium   length   and   width,    dark   green   on  the 


Fij 


Eucalyptus  punctata. 


upper  surface,  with  a  pale  lower  surface;  the  veins  are  similarly 
placed  to   those   of   Eucalyptus   resinifera. 

The  wood  is  of  a  light  brown  color,  very  hard  and  durable;  valua- 
ble in  wagon  work,  carpentry,  as  ties,  posts,  and  fuel.  The  wood  is 
very  hard  to  saw  when  dry,  but  comparatively  easy  when  green. 

Trees  of  Eucalyptus  punctata  are  making  a  good  growth  on  the 
Forestry  Station  grounds  at  Santa  Monica,  and  at  Riverside. 


86 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


87 


This  species  has  failed  to  withstand  the  cold  weather  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley  at  Hanford,  CaL,  where  it  was  tested  by  the  Experi- 
mental Forestry  Company. 

EUCALYPTUS  RESINIFERA.      RED  MAHOGANY. 

(Figures  46,    49,   and  50.) 

The  trees  of  this  species  are  the  most  erect  growing  of  the  Eucalyp- 
tus family.     A  grove  of  Eucalyptus  resinifera  always  causes  people  to 


Fig.   49.      Eucalyptus  resinifera. 

stop  and  wonder  at  the  erectness  and  uniformity  of  growth.  The 
bark  of  the  young  trees  is  a  reddish  brown,  changing  to  a  light  gray, 
mixed  with  brown  in  the  old  trees ;  it  is  rough,  fibrous,  or  stringy,  and 
persistent. 

The  leaves  are  of  medium  length  and  width,  slightly  curved,  of  a 
leathery  texture,  dark  green  on  the  upper  side  and  several  shades 
lighter  on  the  under  surface. 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.   50.     Eucalyptus  resinfera.     Natural  size. 


Bulletin    L96. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


SO 


** 


W\-:j\ 


M 


'•v, 


Fig.    51.     Eucalyptus   robusta    (p.    92). 


Fig.    52.     Eucalyptus   rostrata    (p.    92). 


90 


UNIVERSITY    OF   CALIFORNIA FXFFRIMENT   STATION. 


The  buds  with  their  long,  conical,  deciduous  calyx  caps  are  borne 
in  clusters  of  from  five  to  seven,  on  short  angular  stalklets.  The 
solitary  umbels  are  axillary  and  borne  on  slightly  compressed  stalks. 
The  mature  seed  eases  are  goblet-shaped,  with  the  valves,  three  and 
four  in  number,  protruding. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  of  a  reddish  brown  color,  varying  some- 
what.     It   is  very   hard,  but   easily  worked,   and  is  capable  of  taking 


Fig. 


Eucalyptus  robusta    (p.    92) 


a  high  polish.  The  wood  is  recommended  by  Australian  writers  for 
and  other  uses  in  the  soil;  also  for  carpentry,  shipbuilding,  etc. 

This  tree  can  endure  low  temperatures  as  well,  if  not  better,  than  the 
Blue  Gum.  A  few  young  trees  are  growing  at  Ilanford.  There  are 
also  one  or  two  trees  ?it  Berkeley  on  the  University  campus. 

At.  Santa  Monica,  on  the  dry  mesa  near  Port  Los  Angeles,  this 
species  has  made  a  growth  in  the  last  five  years  that  compares  very 
favorably  with  that  of  the  foremost  species. 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


91 


Fig.   54.     Eucalyptus  robusta.     Natural  size. 


5— Bull.  196 


VZ  UNIVERSITY   OV  CALIFORNIA       EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

EUCALYPTUS    ROBUSTA.      SWAMP   MAHOGANY. 
(Figures  51,   53,   and  54.) 

The  swamp  mahogany  is  one  of  the  erect,  but  slow  growing  Euca- 
iypts.  The  trunks  of  the  young  trees  are  of  a  reddish  gray  color, 
slightly  rough  or  stringy,  while  the  limbs  are  smooth  and  dull  red. 
The  bark  of  the  old  trees  is  very  rough,  stringy  and  persistent. 

The  leaves  are  of  a  leathery  texture,  broad  and  lance-shaped,  with 
the  veins  parallel  and  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  mid-rib;  in  color 
they  are  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  while  the  under  surface  is 
several  shades  lighter. 

The  buds,  with  their  deciduous  calyx  caps,  are  club-shaped  and  are 
borne  in  clusters  of  five  to  eleven.  These  clusters,  or  umbels,  are  axil- 
lary and  their  stalks  are  flattened.  The  mature  seed  cases  are  deep 
cup-shaped,  with  the  valves  enclosed. 

The  wood  is  not  very  valuable  to  work,  as  it  is  very  brittle,  but  it 
is  durable  in  the  soil.  The  trees,  if  grown  in  a  place  exposed  to  the 
wind,  are  liable  to  break  off  when  they  have  reached  a  height  of  from 
15  to  30  feet. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  is  much  used  for  street  planting,  and  makes 
one  of  the  best  street  trees  to  be  found  among  the  species  of  Euca- 
lyptus, except  for  its  tendency  to  break  down. 

It  will  withstand  low  temperatures,  and  is  found  growing  at  Han- 
ford,  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley ;  also  at  Fresno  and  in  groves  at  Santa 
Barbara  on  the  coast,  where  the  following  growths  were  recorded: 
Trees  twelve  years  old  had  an  average  height  of  45  feet  and  diameter 
of  iy2  inches,  while  another  grove  sixteen  years  old  had  an  average 
height  of  65  feet  and  diameter  of  Sy2  inches. 

This  species  is  to  be  found  growing  all  through  the  southern  part 
of  the  State  along  the  coast  to  San  Diego;  in  the  latter  locality  its 
growth  is  an  inferior  one.  It  reaches  its  greatest  development  where 
there  is  plenty  of  water,  as  in  river  bottoms,  swamps  and  depressions 
in  fields  where  the  winter  rains  settle. 

EUCALYPTUS    ROSTRATA.       RED    GUM. 

f  Figures  15    (p.   51),   52,   55,   and   56.) 

Trees  of  this  species  are  of  a  slower  growth  than  the  Blue  Gum  and 
grow  \<-ry  crookedly  even  in  close  plantings. 

The  bark  of  the  seedlings  and  the  twigs  of  the  old  trees  have  a  red- 
dish hue,  while  that  of  the  trunks  of  the  mature  trees  is  a  very  dark 
gray,  varying  from  smooth  and  non -persistent  in  some  trees  to  others 
where  it  is  deeply  furrowed  and  persistent.  The  limbs  are  much 
lighter  than  the  trunk  and  smoother. 


Bulletin  190. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


93 


The  leaves  of  the  seedlings  are  broad  lance-shaped,  darker  in  color 
on  the  upper  side,  while  those  of  the  older  trees  are  elongated,  narrow, 
sickle-shaped,  and  equally  green  on  both  sides.  The  umbels  are  soli- 
tary and  axillary.  The  flowers  are  borne  in  clusters  of  from  three 
to  fourteen,  generally  seven,  on  one-fourth  inch  pedicels. 


Fig.  55.     Eucalyptus  rostrata. 

The  buds,  with  their  hemispherical,  sharply  pointed  lids,  are  nearly 
round  and  a  little  larger  than  a  BB  shot,  valves  three  to  five  in  num- 
ber,  generally   four,   very  much  protruding  on  the   mature   fruits. 

The  wood  of  the  red  gum  is  very  durable  both  above  and  below 
ground  and  can  be  easily  worked  when  green.    It  is  possible  to  saw  the 


94  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

wood  up  into  the  thinnest  of  lumber  and  veneers.  In  color  the  wood 
varies  from  a  very  light  to  a  dark  blood  red.  This  is  very  heavy  and 
takes  a  fine  polish,  but  according  to  the  strength  tests  it  is  inferior 
to  both  Sugar  and  Blue  Gums. 

The  present  range  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  extends  south  from  Chico, 
Butte  County,  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  throughout  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley,  into  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  and  this  species  has  shown 
its  ability  to  stand  the  intense  heat  of  Imperial  Valley  throughout  its 
entire  length  to  Calexico,  on  the  Mexican  border. 

The  Red  Gum  makes  a  good  growth  on  alkali  soils  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  and  withstands  the  extremes  of  temperature  of  that  region. 
It  withstands  frosts  better  than  Eucalyptus  globulus,  although  its 
present  range  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  latter  species.  Undoubtedly 
the  reason  of  its  range  being  smaller  than  that  of  the  Blue  Gum  is  due 
to  its  more  recent  introduction  into  this  country. 

The  Red  Gum  is  one  of  our  most  drought  resistant  trees  of  any  com- 
mercial value,  other  than  the  Sugar  Gum.  It  is  a  slow  growing  species 
in  regard  to  height,  but  one  of  the  first  in  regard  to  diameter  growth. 

Mr.  A.  Burns,  of  Batavia,  Cal.  (in  the  lower  part  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley),  has  one  of  the  oldest  groves  of  the  Red  Gum  in  the  State. 
The  grove  is  twenty-two  years  old,  set  out  6  by  6  feet  apart,  on  a 
rich,  soil ;  the  average  height  is  80  feet,  with  an  average  diameter  of 
ll1/^  inches  chest  high.     (Fig.  15.) 

The  Experimental  Forestry  Company,  of  Hanford,  Cal.,  have  a 
young  grove  of  this  species,  set  out  5  by  5  feet  apart,  on  a  slightly 
alkali  soil.  All  of  the  trees  are  growing  well  and  have  withstood  the 
frost  better  than  the  Blue  Gums  which  are  planted  beside  them. 

Mr.  Whiting  of  El  Centro,  Imperial  Valley  country,  has  a  two- 
year-old  grove  of  nearly  one-half  acre  set  in  rows,  but  of  no  measured 
distance,  ranging  from  three  to  eight  feet  apart;  these  trees  have 
received  irrigation  ever  since  they  were  set  out  and  their  average 
height  is  25  feet,  with  an  average  diameter  of  a  little  over  3  inches 
chest  high. 

Mr.  Whiting  also  has  a  row  of  trees  belonging  to  the  same  species 
four  years  old,  growing  on  the  bank  of  an  irrigating  ditch  which 
always  has  water  in  it.  The  largest  tree  in  the  row  measures  in  diam- 
eter fJ1/}  inches  chest  high,  with  a  height  of  a  little  over  30  feet. 

In  every  instance  where  this  tree  was  found  in  the  Imperial  Valley 
it  whs  making  a  good  growth,  with  the  proper  care,  and  withstanding 
the  heat.  \r\  one  row  of  trees  along  an  irrigating  ditch,  originally  there 
had  been  set.  out  the  Red  Gum  and  Blue  Gum  together;  the  rostrata 
averaged  in  diameter,  chest  high,  7  inches  at  four  years  old,  while 
all  that,  remained  to  show  that  there  ever  had  been  any  Blue  Gum  set 
out  were  a  few  dead  stems. 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


95 


Fig.  56.     Eucalyptus  rostrata.     Natural  size. 


96  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

EUCALYPTUS  RUDIS. 

(Figures  16    (p.   52)   and  57.) 

Trees  of  this  species  are  erect,  branching  low  in  individual  speci- 
mens, but  having  clean  trunks  in  close  plantings. 

The  bark  of  the  trunks  is  persistent,  slightly  rough,  but  not  deeply 
furrowed ;  in  color  it  is  gray. 

The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  are  oval  and  of  a  purple  hue,  while 
those  of  the  old  trees  vary,  oval  to  lance-shaped. 

The  buds,  with  their  blunt,  cone-shaped  deciduous  calyx  caps,  are 
borne  on  medium  length  stalklets,  in  clusters  of  from  five  to  nine. 
The  solitary  umbels  are  axillary. 

The  mature  seed  cases  are  broad  cup-shaped,  with  the  valves,  from 
four  to  six  in  number  slightly  protruding. 

There  are  two  different  trees  in  the  State  recognized  as  Eucalyptus 
rudis:  the  tree  called  rudis  local  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State 
has  a  smooth-barked  trunk,  as  a  rule,  and  the  wood  is  inferior,  dark 
brown  in  color  and  light. 

The  species  described  grows  in  the  vicinity  of  Fresno  and  is  a 
superior  tree,  with  wood  of  a  light  brown  color,  hard  and  easily  pol- 
ished.    (Fig.  16.) 

The  wood  of  this  latter  tree  is  very  durable;  Mrs.  Sherman,  of 
Fresno,  has  records  of  posts  standing  in  the  ground  for  eleven  years 
without  signs  of  decay.  This  tree  has  volunteered  freely  around  Mrs. 
Sherman's  home. 

Eucalyptus  rudis  is  capable  of  enduring  low  temperatures,  as  well 
as  globidus. 

EUCALYPTUS    SIDEROPHLOIA.        BROAD     LEAFED     IRONBARK. 

(Figures    17    (p.    54),    58,    60,    and    61.) 

This  ironbark  grows  erect?  straight  trunks  with  small  crowns  both 
in  isolated  specimens  and  in  close  plantings.  The  bark  of  the  trunk 
of  the  old  trees  is  similar  in  appearance  to  the  southern  pine :  rough, 
dark  brown  in  color,  and  persistent,  while  that  of  the  young  trees  and 
the  limbs  of  the  old  trees  is  light  brown  and  smooth. 

The  leaves  of  the  old  trees  are  long,  broader  at  the  base  than  the 
average  Eucalyptus  leaf,  slightly  curved  and  of  a  leathery  texture, 
while  those  of  the  young  seedlings  are  very  broad  at  the  base,  short, 
and  of  a  greenish  blue  color. 

The  buds,  with  their  long  horn-shaped  calyx  cap,  are  borne  in  panic- 
alated  umbels  in  clusters  of  from  five  to  eleven;  the  mature  seed  cases 
are  top-shaped,  with  the  valves,  four  in  number,  protruding. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  yellowish  white  in  color,  strong  and  dura- 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


97 


Fig.    57.     Eucalyptus  rudis.     Natural   size. 


98 


UNIVERSITY   OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig  E>8      Eucalyptus  siderophlola. 


Fig.  59.     Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  var.  rosea. 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


99 


ble.    It  can  undoubtedly  be  used  for  building,  wagon  work,  posts  and 
poles. 

In  rapidity  of  growth  and  resistance  to  extremes  of  temperature, 
it  ranks  very  favorably  with  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  Eu.  tereticomis. 


Fig.   60.-    Eucalyptus  siderophloia. 


The  present  range  of  this  species  is  small,  due  primarily  to  the  fact 
that  its  commercial  value  has  been  little  known  till  recently.  It  has 
proven  itself  capable  of  withstanding  the  frosts  and  heat  of  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley  at  Hanford. 


100 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.  61.     Eucalyptus  siderophlola.     Natural  size. 


Bulletin  19C>. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


101 


Two  trees  of  this  species  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds,  nearly 
twenty  years  old,  measure  75  feet  in  height  and  have  diameters  chest 
high  of  over  a  foot. 


Fig.  62.     Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  var.  rosea. 


EUCALYPTUS   SIDEROXYLON   VAR.  ■  ROSEA.      VICTORIA   IRONBARK. 
(Figures   17    (p.    53),   59,   62,   and  63.) 

This  variety  has  made  fair  growths  in  a  number  of  localities  in  Cali- 
fornia. It  has  a  tendency  to  grow  crooked  and  branched.  The  black 
bark  is  deeply  furrowed  and  persistent,  giving  to  the  trees  a  burned 
appearance,  which  is  characteristic  of  this  variety. 

The  foliage  of  the  tree  is  beautiful,  of  a  bluish  tint  and  pendulous, 
producing  a  weeping  effect.  The  leaves  are  of  medium  width  and 
length,  of  light  bluish  green  color. 


102  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Fig.   63.     Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  var.  rosea.     Natural   size. 


Bulletin  196. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


103 


: 


Fig.  64.     Eucalyptus  tereticornis    (p.   106).  Fig.    65.     Eucalyptus  viminalis    (p.    106). 


104 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


The  buds  are  borne  in  solitary  axillary  umbels,  in  clusters  of  gener- 
ally seven  on  one-fourth  inch  stalklets.  In  shape  they  are  cylindrical, 
with  a  conical  calyx  cap.  The  flowers  pinkish  in  color  and  in  bloom 
from  March  to  June. 

The  mature  seed  cases  are  deep  cup-shaped,  with  the  rim  compressed, 
and  the  valves,  which  vary  from  four  to  six,  deeply  enclosed. 


Fig.   66.     Eucalyptus  tereticornls. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  of  a  dark  brown  color  and  particularly 
hard,  heavy  and  durable. 

The  largest  grove  of  this  variety  of  Eucalyptus  is  at  Garden  Grove, 
Cal.  The  trees  are  twenty-six  years  old  and  vary  in  size  from  six  inches 
to  over  one  foot  in  diameter  while  in  height  one  is  nearly  100  feet, 
although  the  average  is  near  to  80  feet.     (Fig.  17.) 

One  of  the  old  trees  on  the  Forestry  Station  grounds  eighteen  years 
old  measures  541/}  feet  in  height  with  a  diameter  of  20  inches  chest  high. 


Bulletin  19G.  EUCALYPTUS   IN   CALIFORNIA. 


105 


Fig.    67.     Eucalyptus    tereticomis.     Natural    size. 


106  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

EUCALYPTUS  TERETICORNIS.      FOREST  GRAY  GUM. 
(Figures  64,   66,  and  67.) 

This  species  is  of  a  very  erect  habit  of  growth,  both  in  close  plantings 
and  isolated  specimens.  The  branches  are  few  and  scattering,  leaving 
the  crown  open.  The  deciduous  bark  of  the  trunks  of  the  old  trees  is 
generally  smooth  and  of  a  mottled  color,  from  light  brown  to  cream, 
directly  after  the  bark  has  been  shed. 

The  buds  are  in  bloom  during  May  and  June,  and  are  borne  laterally 
in  solitary  umbels,  in  clusters  of  from  five  to  nine,  on  short  stalklets. 
The  deciduous  lid  is  horn-shaped;  reddish  brown  in  color,  just  before 
blooming  time. 

The  seed  cases  are  slightly  larger  than  those  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata; 
with  the  valves,  three  to  five  in  number,  generally  four,  protruding 
and  hemispherical. 

The  leaves  of  the  young  plants  are  broad  lance-shaped,  while  those 
of  the  old  trees  are  long,  of  medium  width  and  light  green  on  both  sides. 
The  pendulous  branches  with  their  long  leaves  give  to  the  trees  a 
weeping  effect. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  close  grained^  and  durable,  varying  in 
color  from  a  white  to  a  light  brownish  red,  and  can  be  used  in  wheel- 
wrights' work,  etc. 

The  Forest  Gray  Gum's  range  is  small  at  the  present  time,  primarily 
because  of  its  value  only  coming  to  light  recently.  The  Hon.  Ellwood 
Cooper  has  the  largest  number  of  old  trees  of  this  species  in  the  State 
at  the  present  time,  although  this  past  spring  there  has  been  a  large 
acreage  of  young  trees  set  out  in  different  parts  of  the  State. 

The  Experimental  Forestry  Company,  of  IJanford,  Cal.,  has  a  grove 
two  years  old,  which  has  made  a  more  rapid  growth  than  Eucalyptus 
rostrata,  and  has  withstood  the  heat  and  frosts  fully  as  well  if  not 
better  than  the  latter  species. 

Undoubtedly  En.  tereticornis  can  withstand  as  wide  a  range  of  tem- 
perature and  variation  in  soils,  over  as  large  a  range  of  the  State,  as 
the  Red  Gum. 

EUCALYPTUS    VIMINALIS.       MANNA    GUM. 

(Figures  18    (p.    54),   65,   68,  and   69.) 

There  are  two  varieties  of  this  species,  both  erect  growing  trees. 
The  trunks  of  one  variety  have  a  bark  not  dissimilar  to  that  of  Euca- 
lyptus globulus,  while  'that  of  the  other  has  a  smooth  bark,  white  in 
co  J  or  and  deciduous.  The  bark  is  shed  each  year  just  as  the  trees  are 
entering  the  blooming  period. 

The  Leaves  of  the  young  plants  and  the  sprouts  of  the  old  trees  are 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


107 


from  two  to  three  inches  long,  narrow  and  opposite;  while  those  of 
the  old  trees  are  long,  narrow,  slightly  curved,  of  a  dull  green  color, 
pointed  and  pendulous,  giving  to  the  trees  a  weeping  effect. 

The  stemless  buds,  with  their  conical,  deciduous  calyx  cap,  are  borne 
in  threes,  on  slightly  flattened  stalks.  The  mature  seed  cases  are 
goblet-shaped,  with  the  valves,  four  in  number,  barely  protruding. 

The  wood  of  the  species  is  inferior  to  that  of  the  Red  Gum,  both  in 
strength  and  durability,  although  it  is  useful  in  rough  carpentry  and 


M 

Fig.   68.     Eucalyptus  viminalis. 

in  making  fruit  boxes,  or  any  other  light  shipping  boxes.  In  color  the 
sap  wood  is  light  brown,  changing  to  a  yellowish  white  in  the  older 
wood. 

The  Manna  Gum  withstands  low  temperatures  equally  as  well  as 
the  Red  Gum  or  the  Blue  Gum,  and  is  growing  at  Chico,  Butte  County, 
in  greater  numbers  than  any  other  Eucalyptus.  This  species,  with  the 
Blue  Gum,  forms  the  bulk  of  all  the  plantings  north  of  San  Francisco. 

Mr.  B.  F.  Walton,  of  Yuba  City,  has  a  grove  of  Eucalyptus  viminalis, 

6— Bull.  196 


108 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


Bulletin  190.  EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA.  109 

thirty  years  old,  with  many  trees  over  3  feet  in  diameter  chest  high, 
and  over  80  feet  in  height. 

There  are  many  specimen  trees  in  the  State  that  have  made  larger 
growths  than  the  above  mentioned  trees,  as  this  gum  ranks  next  to  the 
Blue  Gum  in  rapidity  of  growth. 

Although  this  species  is  not  a  very  valuable  timber  tree,  it  makes  an 
average  wood  for  fuel  purposes  and  can  be  grown  on  land  and  under 
conditions  where  many  of  the  other  and  more  valuable  species  would 
barely  live  and  make  only  an  inferior  growth. 

COMMERCIAL   CONSIDERATIONS   FOR   PRESENT   PLANTING. 

The  most  prominent  commercial  species  of  Eucalyptus  in  California  at 
present  are  four:  globulus,  corynocalyx,  tereticornis,  and  rostrata.  Of 
these  four  tereticornis  and  rostrata  have  been  set  out  in  large  numbers 
during  the  past  year.  The  wood  of  each  is  durable  in  the  soil  and  of 
varying  shades  of  red  in  color,  but  inferior  in  strength  to  either  of  the 
other  two  species.  On  account  of  the  supposed  very  dark  color  of  the 
wood  these  two  are  being  set  out  for  the  purpose  of  growing  finish  lum- 
ber. As  a  matter  of  fact  most  of  the  lumber  of  either  of  these  species 
will  have  to  be  stained  to  use  it  for  interior  finish,  and  the  question  arises 
if  it  would  not  be  more  profitable  to  plant  the  faster  growing  species, 
globulus,  provided  it  is  adapted  to  the  region  where  the  planting  is  to 
be  made.  Eucalyptus  globulus  has  such  remarkable  all-round  qualities 
as  compared  with  the  other  species  tested  in  California  as  to  make  its 
exclusive  planting  for  timber  purposes  worthy  of  serious  consideration 
in  all  regions  where  it  grows  to  advantage.  Its  combination  of  rapid- 
ity of  growth,  straightness  of  trunk,  great  strength  of  wood  and  its 
known  ability  to  flourish  over  a  wide  range  of  conditions  in  California, 
give  it  a  great  advantage  over  any  other  species.  It  is  a  stronger  wood 
than  rostrata  or  tereticornis,  yellowish  white  in  color,  with  a  very  good 
grain  in  most  cases,  and  is  easily  stained.  It  can  be  used  in  many  places 
where  a  colored  wood  could  not  and  in  all  places  where  the  colored 
lumber  could  be  used.  If,  then,  it  is  simply  an  issue  of  staining  one 
wood  more  than  another  the  superiority  of  globulus  in  other  respects 
should  cause  it  to  be  selected  as  the  principal  species  for  planting. 
It  is  not  durable  in  the  soil,  so  that  for  telephone  poles  tereticornis  or 
the  straight  growing  corynocalyx  may  be  chosen  for  localities  where  they 
are  adapted,  while  for  railroad  ties  the  same  species  or  rostrata  may  be 
used.  Tereticornis  and  rostrata  have  a  much  wider  range  of  growth  in 
the  State  than  the  Sugar  Gum. 

Prospective  planters  are  particularly  enjoined  to  use  caution  in 
selecting  species  of  Eucalyptus  on  the  basis  of  their  reported  behavior 
in  Australia  or  other  distant  regions.    The  limited  plantings  now  exist- 


110  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

ing  this  State  are  sufficient  to  show  that  some  of  the  species  most 
highly  recommended  in  Australia  do  not  behave  in  the  same  manner  in 
California.  It  is  therefore  better  for  the  planter  to  stick  to  those  kinds 
which  have  shown  the  most  good  qualities  under  our  conditions  than  to 
experiment  too  largely  with  new  species. 

EUCALYPTS  ADAPTED  TO  SPECIAL  PURPOSES. 
The  Species  Whose  Wood  is  the  Most  Durable  in  the  Soil. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata,  tereticornis,  rudis,  diversicolor,  sideroxylon  var. 
rosea,  corynocalyx,  citriodora,  and  crebra. 

The  Lumber  Species. 

All  of  the  species  described  herein  are  valuable  as  lumber  trees, 
although  the  four  following  are  considered  the  best  among  the  Euca- 
lypts  as  commercial  lumber  trees:  Eucalyptus  globulus,  rostrata,  tere- 
ticornis, and  corynocalyx. 

The  Species  for  Fuel  Alone. 

All  of  the  species  are  of  more  or  less  value  for  wood,  but  the  following 
two  species  will  produce  more  wood  than  any  of  the  others  on  any  good 
land.  These  two  are  the  common  Blue  Gum,  Eucalyptus  globulus,  and 
viminalis,  the  two  most  rapid  growing  gums  we  have  in  this  country. 

The  Most  Frost-resistant  Species. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata,  globulus,  viminalis,  tereticornis,  sideroxylon, 
crebra,  rudis,  robusta,  resinifera,  and  Stuartiana. 

Drought-resistant  Species. 

Eucalyptus   corynocalyx,   microtheca,   polyanthema,   and   cor  nut  a. 

THE  EUCALYPTS  AS  BEE  PASTURE. 

All  of  the  Eucalypts  have  more  or  less  value  as  bee  pasture  when  in 
bloom,  and  from  the  large  number  of  species  growing  in  the  State  it 
is  possible  to  select  a  group  that  will  furnish  bloom  for  the  bees  to  work 
on  the  year  round.  If  the  natural  pastures  are  good  for  all  but  a  short 
period  each  year,  it  is  possible  to  select  one  or  two  species  of  Eucalyptus 
that  will  fill  in  that  time. 

The  list  given  below  is  made  up  from  the  data  collected  from  two 
years'  observation  of  the  blooming  periods  of  the  Eucalyptus  species 
on  the  Forestry  Station  ground.  The  names  of  the  species  are  put 
down  for  the  months  when  the  most  of  the  trees  of  that  species  are  in 
bloom,  although  there  are  instances  in  every  species  where  some  one 
individual  specimen  will  be  found  blooming  at  an  entirely  different 
period,  or  perhaps  twice  during  the  year.  Some  of  the  species  have 
been  considered  injurious  to  bees,  but  we  have  never  been  able  to  find 
dead  bees  under  the  trees.  The  bees  seem  to  have  a  preference  for  the 
white  or  greenish  white  flowers. 


Bulletin  19G. 


EUCALYPTUS    IN    CALIFORNIA. 


Ill 


January :  globulus,  leucoxylon,  siderophloia,  robusta,  and  melli- 
odora. 

February :  globulus,  robusta,  polyanthema,  leucoxylon,  and  mellio- 
dora. 

March:  globulus,  robusta,  leucoxylon,  polyanthema,  melliodora,  and 
sideroxylon  var.  rosea. 

April:  leucoxylon,  melliodora,  Gunnii,  polyanthema,  and  Stuartiana. 

May :  melliodora,  Gunnii,  maculata,  cornuta,  rostrata,  and  tereti- 
cornis. 

June :  melliodora,  maculata,  cornuta,  tereticornis,  rostrata,  and  citri- 
odora. 

July:  citriodora,  tereticornis,  rostrata,  viminalis,  cornuta,  and  eugen- 
ioides. 

August :  viminalis,  cornuta,  Lehmannii,  eugenioides,  calophylla, 
corynocalyx,  and  resinifera. 

September:  Lehmannii,  corynocalyx,  calophylla,  and  resinifera. 

October :  calophylla,  corynocalyx,  and  siderophloia. 

November:  corynocalyx,  siderophloia,  leucoxylon,  and  robusta. 

December:  globulus,  robusta,  leucoxylon,  and  sideroxylon  var.  rosea. 


STRENGTH  TESTS  OF  EUCALYPTUS. 

We   reproduce   the   following,   bearing   on   the   strength   of   several 
species  of  Eucalyptus  timber : 


Trade  Bulletin 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
forest  service. 


October  8,  1906. 


EUCALYPTS  FOR  TIMBER. 


The  wood  of  the  Eucalypts  has  not  been  extensively  used  by  manufacturers  in  the 
United  States,  because  the  supply  has  not  been  sufficient  to  establish  a  market.  Blue 
gum,  the  most  common  species  in  California,  has,  however,  competed  with  black  locust 
for  insulator  pins,  has  given  satisfactory  service  in  chisel  and  hammer  handles,  and 
has  been  used  locally  for  wagon  tongues,  axles,  spokes,  hubs,  and  felloes.  It  is  hard, 
strong,  and  tough. 

In  cooperation  with  the  State  of  California,  the  Forest  Service  recently  com- 
pleted a  study  of  the  mechanical  and  physical  properties  of  the  common  Eucalypts. 
The  tests,  made  at  the  State  University  at  Berkeley,  were  to  determine  whether 
Eucalyptus  can  be  substituted  for  some  of  the  hardwoods  that  are  becoming  difficult 
to  obtain. 

Blue  Gum  is  by  far  the  fastest  growing  species.  The  height  and  diameter  of  trees 
from  which  the  test  pieces  were  taken  is  given  in  the  following  table.  All  the  trees 
were  about  fifteen  years  old  : 


Species. 

Diameter, 
Inches. 

Height, 

Common  Name. 

Botanical  Name. 

Feet. 

Blue  Gum 

Eucalyptus  globulus 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor 

Eucalyptus  viminalis 

Eucalyptus  rostrata 

Eucalyptus  punctata 

Eucalyptus  resinifera 

30 
15 
16 
12 

9 

10 

8 

101 

Sugar  Gum                    _  _                   _     _ 

73 

Karri _ 

72 

Manna  Gum    .                          _ 

60 

Red  Gum       

47 

Leather-jacket .... 

43 

Red  Mahogany  _  . 

38 

112 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION. 


An  important  point  in  considering  the  value  of  commercial  plantations  of  Eucalypts 
is  brought  out  in  the  second  table,  which  shows  that  the  fastest  growing  species  are 
also  the  strongest.     The  tests  were  made  upon  kiln-dry  material. 


Species. 


Bending. 


Age 

in 

Years. 


Number 
of 

Tests. 


Modulus  of 

Rupture, 

Pounds  per 

Square  Inch 


Compression  Parallel 
to  Grain. 


Number 

of 

Tests. 


Crushing 

Strength, 

Pounds  per 

Square  Inch 


Sugar  Gum 

Blue  Gum 

Leather-jacket. 

Karri 

Blue  Gum 

Red  Mahogany 

Red  Gum 1 

Manna  Gum 


15 
30 
L5 

15 
15 
1.-) 
15 
15 


5 

12 

3 

8 
28 

4 
9 

1'2 


25,344 
23,265 
19,267 
18,386 
16,900 
14,550 
14,380 
13,093 


11,290 
12,310 
10,908 
8,795 
8,190 
7,920 
7,723 
7,309 


A  comparison  with  Forest  Service  tests  on  hickory  shows  that  30-year-old  Blue 
Gum  is  stronger  than  XXX  hickory,  and  that  15-year-old  Sugar  Gum  is  nearly  as 
strong  as  black  hickory  and  91  per  cent  as  strong  as  second-growth  hickory. 

The  wood  of  very  young  and  sappy  trees  is  apt  to  warp,  but  that  from  more 
mature  growth  can  be  easily  handled  to  prevent  warping.  Early  seasoning  should 
proceed  slowly.  Open  piling  is  desirable ;  the  stacks  should  be  high  to  secure 
weight,  and  should  be  covered. 

Several  of  the  Eucalyptus  grow  rapidly  in  California,  and,  under  forest  conditions, 
form  straight,  tall  poles  free  from  branches.  They  have,  therefore,  especial  value 
as  timber  trees. 


STATION   PUBLICATIONS.  113 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  DISTRIBUTION. 


REPORTS. 


1896.  Report    of    the    Viticultural    Work    during    the    seasons    1887-93,    with    data 

regarding  the  Vintages  of  1894-95. 

1897.  Resistant    Vines,    their    Selection,    Adaptation,    and    Grafting.      Appendix    to 

Viticultural  Report  for  1896. 

1898.  Partial   Report  of  Work  of  Agricultural   Experiment   Station   for  the  years 

1895-96  and  1896-97. 
1900.     Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  the  year  1897-98. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1901-1903. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1903-1904, 


TECHNICAL   BULLETINS— ENTOMOLOGICAL  SERIES. 


Vol.  1,  No.  1 — Wing  Veins  of  Insects. 

No.  2 — Catalogue  of  the  Ephydridae. 


BULLETINS. 

Reprint.  Endurance  of  Drought  in  Soils  of  the  Arid  Region. 

No.  128.  Nature,  Value  and  Utilization  of  Alkali  Lands,  and  Tolerance  of  Alkali. 
(Revised  and  Reprint,   1905.) 

133.  Tolerance  of  Alkali  by  Various  Cultures. 

140.  Lands  of  the  Colorado  Delta  in  Salton  Basin,  and  Supplement.   * 

141.  Deciduous  Fruits  at  Paso  Robles. 

142.  Grasshoppers  in  California. 

147.  Culture  Work  of  the  Substations. 

148.  Resistant  Vines  and  their  Hybrids. 

149.  California  Sugar  Industry. 

150.  The  Value  of  Oak  Leaves  for  Forage. 

151.  Arsenical  Insecticides. 

152.  Fumigation  Dosage. 

153.  Spraying  with  Distillates. 

154.  Sulfur  Sprays  for  Red  Spider. 
156.  Fowl  Cholera. 

158.  California  Olive  Oil ;  its  Manufacture. 

159.  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Fermentation. 

160.  The  Hop  Aphis. 

161.  Tuberculosis  in  Fowls.      (Reprint.) 

162.  Commercial  Fertilizers.     (Dec.  1,  1904.) 

163.  Pear  Scab. 

164.  Poultry  Feeding  and  Proprietary  Foods.     (Reprint.) 

165.  Asparagus  and  Asparagus  Rust  in  California. 

166.  Spraying  for  Scale  Insects. 

167.  Manufacture  of  Dry  Wines  in  Hot  Countries. 

168.  Observations  on  Some  Vine  Diseases  in  Sonoma  County. 

169.  Tolerance  of  the  Sugar  Beet  for  Alkali. 

170.  Studies  in  Grasshopper  Control. 

171.  Commercial  Fertilizers.     (June  30,  1905.) 

172.  Further  Experience  in  Asparagus  Rust  Control. 

173.  Commercial  Fertilizers.     (December,  1905.) 

174.  A  New  Wine-Cooling  Machine. 

175.  Tomato  Diseases  in  California. 

176.  Sugar  Beets  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

177.  A  New  Method  of  Making  Dry  Red  Wine. 

178.  Mosquito  Control. 

179.  Commercial  Fertilizers.     (June,  1906.) 

180.  Resistant  Vineyards. 

181.  The  Selection  of  Seed-Wheat. 

182.  Analysis  of  Paris  Green  and  Lead  Arsenate.     Proposed  Insecticide  Law. 

183.  The  California  Tussock-moth. 


114 


STATION   PUBLICATIONS. 


154.  Report  of  the  Plant  Pathologist  to  July  1,  1906. 

155.  Report  of  Progress  in  Cereal  Investigations. 

186.  The  Oidium  of  the  Vine. 

187.  Commercial   Fertilizers.      (January,   1907.) 

1SS.  Lining  of  Ditches  and  Reservoirs  to  Prevent  Seepage  and  Losses. 

189.  Commercial  Fertilizers.     (June,  1907.) 

190.  The  Brown  Rot  of  the  Lemon. 

191.  California  Peach  Blight. 

192.  Insects  Injurious  to  the  Vine  in  California. 

193.  The  Best   Wine   Grapes  for  California;    Pruning  Young   Vines;    Pruning 

the   Sultanina. 

194.  Commercial  Fertilizers    (Dec.  1907). 

195.  The  California  Grape  Root-worm. 


CIRCULARS. 


No 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
7. 
9. 
10. 

11. 
12. 
13. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 

22. 

23. 
24. 
25. 


Texas  Fever. 

Blackleg. 

Hog  Cholera. 

Anthrax. 

Contagious  Abortion  in  Cows. 

Remedies  for  Insects. 

Asparagus  Rust. 

Reading  Course  in  Economic 
Entomology.      ( Revision. ) 

Fumigation  Practice. 

Silk  Culture. 

The  Culture  of  the   Sugar  Beet. 

Recent   Problems   in   Agriculture. 
What  a  University  Farm  is  For. 

Notes  on  Seed-Wheat. 

Why      Agriculture      Should      Be 
Taught  in  the  Public   Schools. 

Caterpillars  on  Oaks. 

Disinfection   of   Stables. 

Reading  Course  in  Irrigation. 

The  Advancement  of  Agricultural 
Education. 

Defecation    of    Must    for    White 
Wine. 

Pure  Yeast  in  Wineries. 

Olive  Pickling. 

Suggestions   Regarding   Examina- 
tion   of   Lands. 


No.  26. 
27. 


28. 


29. 


30. 
31. 


32. 


34. 
35. 


36. 


Selection  and  Preparation  of 
Vine  Cuttings. 

Marly  Subsoils  and  the  Chlo- 
rosis or  Yellowing  of  Citrus 
Trees. 

A  Preliminary  Progress  Report 
of  Cereal  Investigations,  1905- 
1907. 

Preliminary  Announcement  con- 
cerning Instruction  in  Practi- 
cal Agriculture  upon  the 
University  Farm,  Davisville, 
Cal. 

White  Fly  in  California. 

The  Agricultural  College  and  Its 
Relationship  to  the  Scheme  of 
National    Education. 

White  Fly  Eradication. 

Packing  Prunes  in  Cans.  Cane 
Sugar  vs.   Beet  Sugar. 

California  State  Farmers'  Insti- 
tute' at  the  University  Farm 

Southern  California  Patholog- 
ical Laboratory  and  Citrus 
Experiment  Station. 

Analyses  of  Fertilizers  for  Con- 
sumers. 


Copies  may  oe  had  on  application  to  Dibectob  of  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 


